Warm-Up

1. Warm-Up How is the Egyptian social structure similar to the social structure today?

4. VOCAB • Polytheistic- The worship of many gods • Pyramid- A tomb to preserve the body of a Pharaoh for the afterlife • The Nile- The river in North Africa around which the Egyptian civilization formed • Hieroglyphics- The Egyptian system of Writing • Pharaoh- God-king of ancient Egypt • “The Gift of the Nile”- the Egyptian civilization

5. ONLY WRITE DOWN THE UNDERLINDED INFO

6. Egyptian Timeline • Old Kingdom (2700-2150) • Hieroglyphics and religion develop in Egypt • pyramids built • Middle Kingdom (2040-1786) • extension of Egyptian control into Nubia • New Kingdom (1570-1075) • militaristic - Hebrews enslaved • mummification perfected

7. Geography • River dominates Egyptian world/thought • Surrounded by desert with occasional oasis • Permits some trade • Defense from invasion • Contributes to feeling of safety • preserves artifacts 1 2 3 4 5 6

8. “Egypt is the gift of the Nile” -Herodotus 1 2 3 4 5 6

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10. The Nile • yearly flooding - no concern for soil depletion • Predictable • Irrigation systems • Encourages • Trade • Communication • Political unity 1 2 3 4 5 6

11. The Nile 1 2 4 6

12. The Nile And a Stable food Supply 1 2 3 4 5 6

13. The Nile

14. The Nile and Religion • Impact on religion • divided life - living and dying. • East (sunrise) is land of the living - cities, temples • West (sunset) is land of the dead - tombs 1 2 3 4 5 6

15. Religion • Omnipresence of religion • Polytheistic • interaction with the natural environment shows interrelated gods and goddesses yearly rebirth of Nile and daily rebirth of sun • over 2000 gods • Pharaoh as living god • Afterlife • Evolution of who has an afterlife • Old vs. New Kingdom 1 2 3 4 5 6

16. Osiris • God of the Dead - “rebirth” - and the weighing of the heart 1 2 3 4 5 6

17. Horus • Horus, god of balance and harmony • maintained the natural order: the flow of the Nile and the fertility of the soil. 1 2 3 4 5 6

18. Early Pyramids Zozer’s stepped pyramid - similar to Babylonian ziggurats 1 2 3 4 5

19. Why build Pyramids? • Religious structures- Tombs • Belief in the afterlife demanded: • Bodies be interred whole • Material goods for use in afterlife be present • The need to protect the bodies demands good burial tombs • First were mastabas • Then pyramids • Then later… hidden tombs

20. Mastaba

21. Great Pyramid and Technology • Tomb for Khufu • an almost perfect square (deviation .05%) • Orientation is exactly North, South, East West • 2,300,000 blocks, 500ft high • 20 years to build • Average block weighs 2.5 tons • Some weigh 9 tons! 1 2 3 4 5 6

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25. Pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre and Khufu Queen Pyramids in front 1 2 3 4 5 6

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27. Mummies • Not known when it started in Egypt • Perfected by time of New Kingdom • How to make a mummy: 70 steps 1 2 3 4 5 6

28. Canopic Jars made of alabaster for storage of heart, stomach, intestines and liver which were also treated 1 2 3 4 5 6

29. Mummy Inner coffin 1 2 3 4 5 6

30. Second inner coffin Second inner coffin lid 1 2 3 4 5 6

31. Funerary Gifts and Art Gift bearers Shawabti box Model boat 1 2 3 4 5 6

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33. The Pharaoh • Religion and Government • God-King • Temporal power • owns all the land and people and what people posses • law vs. Pharaoh's will • irrigation • no city walls 1 2 3 4 5 6

34. The Pharaoh • God-King • Religious • direct descendant of the Sun god • controls access to the afterlife • July-Sept, during floods life is controlled by the Pharaoh • 365 day calendar. 1 2 3 4 5 6

35. Daily Life in Egypt • Cosmetics, cleanliness (bathe 3 times a day), shaved bodies, wigs • main food is beer and bread • Grow many crops: emmer, barley, flax, lentils, onion, beans, and millet • common building made of sun-dried mud bricks - up to three stories in height • Most common job … farming 1 2 3 4 5 6

36. Farmers in Egypt and food supply 1 2 3 4 5 6

37. Hieroglyphics • Language is written without vowels • Different pronunciations • MNFR as Memphis • SR as Osiris • TTMS as either Thutmose, Thutmosis, Tatmusa or Atithmese • Who learns this writing style? 1 2 3 4 5 6

38. Hieroglyphics • Use in temples • Rosetta Stone • Napoleon and Egyptology. 1 2 3 4 5 6

39. Egyptian Artwork Stela (carved stone) Egyptian Farmers & animals Notice, all people drawn from the side – even when looking right at you! 1 2 3 4 5 6