The United States in World War II

1. The United States in World War II CPUSH Chapter 25

2. Americans joined the war effort 5 million volunteers 10 million Additional draftees WAACS WAVES Recruiting of Minorities Japanese Immigrants

3. Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES) Women’s Army Air Corps Pilots Join the Women’s Army Corps (WACs)

4. Ford made one B-24 bomber every hour Ford’s Willow Run Factory

5. Henry Kaiser’s West Coast Shipyards The Allies won the Battle of the Atlantic, in part, because the USA produced ships faster than German u-boats could sink them Kaiser standardized battleship building & reduced the time it took to make a battleship from 355 days to 14 days

6. Labor’s contribution • By 1944 18 million laborers worked to support the war • 6 million of those were women • 2 million minority workers • A. Phillip Randolph – Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters • Threatened a march on Washington if African American workers didn’t get to participate fully in war work – called off the march when Roosevelt gave in

7. Mobilization of Scientists • Office of Scientific Research & Development • Anti-lice pesticides • Penicillan • Atomic bomb • Manhattan Project

8. Federal Government Takes Control • OPA (Office of Price Administration) • Fought inflation by freezing prices • Set up rationing • Congress raised income tax rates • WPB (War Production Board) • Converted companies to wartime production • Organized national drives for tin, rubber, paper, etc.

9. War Rations

10. Battle of the Atlantic • Submarine attacks on shipping • Wolf Packs • January – April 87 American ships lost • Convoy • By 1943 – 140 ships being produced per month • Shipping was much safer by 1943

11. Battle of Stalingrad • August 1942-January 1943 • 1,100,000 Russians died • 800,000 Germans and others died • 6000 returned • Turning point in the European front

12. North Africa • Operation Torch

13. Italian Campaign

14. Segregated Units • 99th Pursuit Squadron (Tuskegee airmen) • Mexican Americans (141st regiment) • Japanese Americans (100thbatallion)

15. D-Day https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCLJhxfj608

16. The War in the Pacific theater

17. Bataan Death March • BATAAN DEATH MARCHThe Bataan Death March began on April 10, 1942, when the Japanese assembled about 78,000 prisoners (12,000 U.S. and 66,000 Filipino). They began marching up the east coast of Bataan. Although they didn't know it, their destination was Camp O'Donnell, north of the peninsula. The men, already desperately weakened by hunger and disease, suffered unspeakably during the March. Regardless of their condition, POWs who could not continue or keep up with the pace were summarily executed. Even stopping to relieve oneself could bring death, so many chose to continue walking while relieving themselves. Some of the guards made a sport of hurting or killing the POWs. The Marchers were beaten with rifle butts, shot or bayoneted without reason. Most of the POWs got rid of their helmets because some by Japanese soldiers on passing trucks hit them with rifle butts. Some enemy soldiers savagely toyed with POWs by dragging them behind trucks with a rope around the neck. Japanese guards also gave the POWs the "sun treatment" by making them sit in the sweltering heat of the direct sun for hours at a time without shade. The Death Marchers received almost no water or food, further weakening their fragile bodies. Most POWs only received a total of a few cups of rice, and little or no water. Sympathetic Filipinos alongside the road tried to give POWs food and water, but if a guard saw it, the POW and the Filipino helper could be beaten or killed. Some POWs had the water in their canteens poured out onto the road or taken by the Japanese just to be cruel. Although thirst began to drive some of the men mad, if a POW broke ranks to drink stagnant, muddy water at the side of the road, he would be bayoneted or shot. Groups of POWs were often deliberately stopped in front of the many artesian wells. These wells poured out clean water, but the POWs were not allowed to drink it. Some were killed just because they asked for water. The POWs marched roughly 65 miles over the course of about six days until they reached San Fernando. There, groups as large as 115 men were forced into boxcars designed to hold only 30-40 men. Boxcars were so full that the POWs could not sit down. This caused more to die of heat exhaustion and suffocation in the cars on the ride from San Fernando to Capas. The POWs then walked seven more miles to Camp O'Donnell. At the entrance to the camp, the POWs were told to lay out the few possessions they still had; any POW found with any Japanese-made items or money was executed on the spot. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8f4wvI5iAM0

18. Doolittle Raid • Spring 1942 • Raid on Tokyo • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTJ6LSnNKjg

19. Battle of Midway • Admiral Chester Nimitz • Turning point in the Pacific campaign • Aircraft carrier battle • Decisive American victory 4 of 6 Japanese aircraft carriers destroyed • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F4pUD9qWKs8

20. Kamikaze • By 1944 hope was almost gone for the Japanese • Kamikaze “divine wind” • Battle of Leyte Gulf – 1st tried • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkNLMzmwZmg

21. Iwo Jima • http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/battle-of-iwo-jima

22. The Manhattan Project TIMELINE • July 16, 1945 Bomb tested in New Mexico • August 6 1st bomb dropped on Hiroshima • August 9, 2nd bomb dropped on Nagasaki • September 2 Japan surrenders • J. Robert Oppenheimer • 600,000 American workers • 1st test July 16, 1945

24. The effects http://www.domlife.org/Justice/Disarmament/bombfactsheet.pdf

25. The Yalta Conference • Agreement: • Temporary division of Germany in 4 zones • Free elections for Poland • USSR would join the war against Japan • USSR would participate in UN meetings

26. Nuremberg Trials • 24 High ranking Nazi’s were put on trial for crimes against humanity • The Nazi’s were “only following orders” • “never happened” • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_pQJ42ONPDo

27. Occupation of Japan • MacArthur acted as a military dictator • Free market practices • New constitution w/women’s suffrage

28. The Home Front Section 4

29. Economic Gains 1940’s • Defense workers • 35% wage increases • Farmers • Farm income up 300% • Women • New opportunities • 35% of work force

30. Population Shifts • African Americans migrated North in search of • Jobs • Educational opportunity • Equal rights opportunities • California saw a huge increase in population

31. Discrimination • Civil Rights • 1942 James Farmer founded Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) • Urban segregation in the North • Zoot Suit riots https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HsFN2fMLL-s

32. Japanese Internment Camps • Executive order 9066 • Public law 503 • 1942 Mass evacuation of Japanese Americans • No specific charges • Found constitutional by Supreme court in Korematsu vs. United States • Japanese American Citizens League • 1965 $38 million in reparations • $20,000 to each interned person https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mr97qyKA2s

33. Important Legislation • GI Bill of Rights • Education and training for veterans • Federal housing loans • Korematsu V. United States (1944) • Court sanctioned racism