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Introduction to Public Affairs

Introduction to Public Affairs. PIA 2000. The Structure and Process of Bureaucracies- First Cut. Bureaucrats, Regulations and Political Institutions Lobbyists, Networks and Pressures Debates about Public Sector Reform Dealing with Corruption. Prologue: An Overview of Public Sector Reform.

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Introduction to Public Affairs

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  1. Introduction to Public Affairs PIA 2000

  2. The Structure and Process of Bureaucracies- First Cut Bureaucrats, Regulations and Political Institutions Lobbyists, Networks and Pressures Debates about Public Sector Reform Dealing with Corruption

  3. Prologue: An Overview of Public Sector Reform

  4. A New Debate? A 1930s Cartoon

  5. An Anti-Bureaucrat Video Father Charles Coughlin

  6. Reform Epochs: A Reminder • 16th Century France: Separation of King from retainers. Creation of Bureaucracy • 18th Century Prussia: Cameralism- Defined civil administrators in public and Corporate Sector • Nineteenth Century: British India and British Reforms: Selection by Examination and Interview • Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century U.K. and U.S.: Civil Service Reform: Ending the Spoils • Last Part of the Twentieth Century: Structural Adjustment

  7. Rembrandt's painting“The Mercantilists”

  8. Bureaucracies, Politicians and Clients Overall Themes of the Next Several Weeks: • Characteristics of Bureaucracies • Explaining Bureaucratic Behavior • Clients: The comparative advantage of the "Iron Triangle" model (Executive Bureaucracy, Congress and Staff and Lobbyists). • Clients and Democracy: The Power of the Lobbyist • Corporatism as the Alternative Concept (Conspiracry?) • Evaluating Reform and Understanding behavior

  9. Two Views of Behavior

  10. The Problem: • Inefficiency • Corruption • Interest Influence • Authoritarianism

  11. Lincoln and the Accusation of Patronage

  12. Kenya Poster: A Reminder

  13. How to Reform: • Organizational and Administrative Reform (Motivation and Communication) • Civil Service Reform (Recruitment) • Fiscal Reform (Spending and Ownership) • Policy Reform (Law and Order vs. Development)

  14. U.S. Civil Service Reform: 1883: End of Spoils Hoover Commissions: 1940s and 1950s (Admin. Reform) New Public Administration: Advocacy Reform and Affirmative Action Structural Adjustment: Debt Management and Privatization- Internationalized Reform New Public Management: Customers and Clients Modern Reforms: U.S. Model

  15. Clients: The Role of Groups

  16. The Role of Groups • Reform Perspective • Extent of access to public sector • Iron Triangle • Problem of Illicit Access

  17. The Iron Triangle and the Revolving Door

  18. Group Influences-Five Models: 1. Japan/Asia- Johnson's perspective (State Centric Planning and one way movement) 2. Europe- (Orwell, Greene, Ferrel Heady (Representation vs. Corporatism) 3. U.S.- Pluralism vs. Elite Theory (Dahl vs. C. Wright Mills) 4. Latin America: Military Corporatism and Patron Client Relationships 5. Africa/Middle East: Crony Capitalism

  19. Peronism vs. ChileVideo:

  20. Pluralist vs. Controlling • Power Elite- Class • Pluralist (Competitive)

  21. LDCs • An absence of "clients" or Too many? • The Role of patronage, corruption and Crony capitalism. -Indonesia -Korea -West Africa -China -U.S.?

  22. Crony Capitalism

  23. ISSUE: • Public Interest vs. private interests (and the bureaucracy as an interest group) • Question: Is there such a thing as a Public Interest Group? (PIG) • NGOs: Public, private or Ideological?

  24. Clients and Democracy John Q. Public Is there such a person?

  25. Major themes in Comparative Public Administration- Administrative Structures and Society- I. An Individualist view of state-society relationships a. Common law view of society; b. Anglo-Saxon model: law and order as basic function of government; c. Society made up of individuals- liberalism

  26. Classical Liberalism

  27. Classical Liberalism?

  28. Partisanship, Democracy and Bureaucracy- A Reminder a. Fused vs. Separation of Powers “Yes Minister” (Britain) b. Cabinet Government vs. Presidential Systems- Collective Responsibility (U.S. Latin America and France- Mixed) c. Legislatures- Committee systems, Groups and bureaucratic authority

  29. Liberalism or Not Liberalism

  30. Administrative Structures and Society II. Statist view of Society- Collectivist (Frances FitzGerald- Fire in the Lake on Vietnam)- Four Views a. Idea of an active, creative state, development oriented (Keynes) b. Marxist-Leninist model- communitarian c. Corporatist idea of society as groups- civil service as a group (Western Europe) d. Focus- Group Mobilization

  31. Corporatism as the Alternative Concept- Groups and Leadership Francisco Franco

  32. Mobilization of Working Class

  33. The Power of the Group

  34. Authoritarian systems- Structures absent to protect citizens from fused state and bureaucracy Non-Constitutional Systems: Military Regimes and One Party States- Politicized bureaucracy Rent Seeking, Nepotism and Corruption Authoritarianism

  35. Evaluating Reforms?

  36. Political Structures and Public Management Themes 1. Issues of Governance, Interests and Political Development 2. The Administrative State Problem: Weak Political controls and a strong bureaucratic elite

  37. Control: How to vs. Should one?

  38. Political Structures and Public Management III. Elite vs. egalitarian views of public service. (A Reminder)- Interests within the State) a. Maximum Deferred Achievement (No pre-selection) b. Maximum Ascriptive Model (Class based) c. Progressive Equal Attrition Model Egalitarian- Professional- collectivist

  39. The Process: Images of Recruitment

  40. Coffee Break Ten Minutes Video: The Ministry of Silly Walks

  41. Political Structures and Public Management 1. Structure of Civil Service Systems: The role of Mandarins and political penetration into the civil service 2. Decayed and Transferred Institutions: (Kings and Colonies)- The creation of an organizational bourgeoisie (Irving Markovitz) 3. Corporatist Systems can be royalist, military, social (Spain, Argentina, Scandinavia)

  42. The Myth: Classical Non-Partisanism • The Politics/Administration Dichotomy: The Role of Non-Partisan Movements and Generic Management • POSDECORB (Luther Gulick) • (Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, and Budgeting) • How Neutral?

  43. Differences between the public and the private sector- How much, or how little? 1. No significant differences between personnel in large private vs. public organizations 2. Differences in the structures within which the individual has to work 3. The bureaucracy is an institution of government

  44. Difference in Product 4. Private- emphasis is on profit, economy and efficiency 5. Public- need to account for the political and social- not what is always efficient 6. Issue- motivation or its absence in the public sector Government: Differences from the private sector-

  45. Recruitment: The Only Game in Town (for Reform) KEY: The recruitment of professionals and specialists contradicts with the issue of political control a. Problem- management, eg. the Department, often does not control recruitment b. Legislation sets the rules- merit system with civil service commission overseeing the process c. Civil Service Commission or Office of Personnel acts as an intermediary

  46. THE PROBLEM Management of the public sector organization is separated from the major management functions- eg. promotion, firing, discipline, collective bargaining

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