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Where we’ve come so far…. Animal Behavior Core Concepts: Tinbergen’s four categories of explanation Proximate and ultimate Individual, kin, and group selection Genes and experience Correlation versus causation Constraints on Evolution Animal Behavior methodologies
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Where we’ve come so far… Animal Behavior Core Concepts: • Tinbergen’s four categories of explanation • Proximate and ultimate • Individual, kin, and group selection • Genes and experience • Correlation versus causation • Constraints on Evolution • Animal Behavior methodologies • Experimental Design; Ethics; Avoiding the Deadly Sins
Where we’ve come so far… Animal Behavior Core Concepts Common Assumptions that Need Correcting: • Assuming evolution and natural selection are directional or purposeful • Assuming we know the purpose of a phenotype (or why it evolved) • Anthropomorphic assumptions and use of metaphors • Assuming animals perceive the world the same way we do (Umwelt) • Assuming animals are not affected by our presence • Assumptions about sex roles
Where we’ve come so far… Animal Behavior Core Concepts Common Assumptions that Need Correcting “Same Genotype, Different Phenotype”: Epigenetic effects on behavior • Central Dogma • Interactions between gene expression, nervous system, endocrine system, and behavior • Single gene effects (e.g., voles) • Quantitative trait loci (behaviors affected by multiple genes) • Inheritance • Epigenetics • Phenotypic plasticity • Environmental sex determination and sex change
Where we’ve come so far… Animal Behavior Core Concepts Common Assumptions that Need Correcting “Same Genotype, Different Phenotype” “Same Population, Different Phenotype”: Ruff male polymorphisms • Mating Systems • B and C in Behavioral Ecology • Polymorphisms • Alternative reproductive strategies • Condition-dependent and genetically determined (e.g., Supergene) alternative strategies • Maintenance of genetically-determined alternative strategies • Developmental flexibility vs. developmental stability • Behavioral syndromes (animal personalities)
Where we’ve come so far… Animal Behavior Core Concepts Common Assumptions that Need Correcting “Same Genotype, Different Phenotype” “Same Population, Different Phenotype” “Same Population, Different Information”: Social learning in rats • Single stimulus learning • Conditioning • Constraints on learning • Social learning • Teaching • Information processing: Stimulus filtering, biased data analysis • Information centers • B & C of group living for foraging success
Where we are now: Animal Behavior Core Concepts Common Assumptions that Need Correcting “Same Genotype, Different Phenotype” “Same Population, Different Phenotype” “Same Population, Different Information” “Same Population, Different Interests”: Conflict between Conspecifics
Conflict: A behavior or behavioral interaction that is costly to one individual and beneficial to another individual of the same species. Sexual conflict Intrasexual competition Parent-offspring conflict Sibling conflict Furness et al. 2015 Furness et al. 2015
