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The Endocrine System

The Endocrine System. To release hormones to control tissues throughout the body The control is nonspecific, slow (relative to nervous system control), and can be long lasting. Function. Adrenal Glands Located on superior aspect of kidneys Divided into adrenal cortex and medulla

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The Endocrine System

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  1. The Endocrine System

  2. To release hormones to control tissues throughout the body • The control is nonspecific, slow (relative to nervous system control), and can be long lasting. Function

  3. Adrenal Glands • Located on superior aspect of kidneys • Divided into adrenal cortex and medulla • Adrenal cortex • Releases aldosterone • Stimulates sodium ion conservation and the elimination of potassium ions • Releases cortisol, hydrocortisone, corticosterone • release amino acids from muscle and lipids from adipose • Promote formation of glucose and glycogen • Promotes peripheral use of lipids • Has anti-inflammatory effects • Releases androgens • Encourages bone growth, muscle growth, and blood formation in children and women. Glands and Tissues

  4. Adrenal Glands (con’t) • Medulla • Releases epinephrine, norepinephrine • Increases cardiac activity, blood pressure, glycogen breakdown, blood glucose levels. • Release lipids from adipose tissue. Glands and Tissues

  5. Male and female gonads • Located in the pelvic region • Female gonads (ovaries) release Estrogens • Support the maturation of egg, secondary female sex characteristics, and associated behaviors • Male gonads (testes) release Androgens (Testosterone) • Support maturation of sperm, protein synthesis in skeletal muscle, secondary sex characteristics, and associated behaviors Glands and Tissues

  6. Hypothalamus • Located in the brain • Releases antidiuretic hormone • Decreases amount of water lost in the kidneys • Causes vasoconstriction • Releases oxytocin • Stimulates muscles in walls of uterus, promoting labor and delivery. Glands and Tissues

  7. Pancreas (pancreatic islets) • Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity, inferior to the stomach • Releases glucagon • Stimulates glucose production (increase blood glucose levels) • Breakdown triglycerides in adipose tissue and released into bloodstream. • Releases insulin • Accelerates glucose uptake and utilization from the blood (lowers blood glucose levels) Glands and Tissues

  8. Parathyroid glands • Located in throat, 2 on each side of the thyroid gland • Releases parathyroid hormone • Increase calcium levels in body fluids Glands and Tissues

  9. Pineal gland • Located in brain • Releases melatonin • Slows maturation of sex cells • Antioxidant • Sets circadian (day-night) rhythms Glands and Tissues

  10. Pituitary gland • Located in brain • Releases thyroid stimulating hormone • Triggers the release of thyroid hormones • Releases adrenocorticotropic hormone • Stimulates the release of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex • Releases follicle stimulating hormone • In females, it promotes follicle development • Precursor to the egg • In males, it promotes sperm differentiation Glands and Tissues

  11. Pituitary gland (con’t) • Releases lutenizing hormone • Induces ovulation • Releases prolactin • Stimulates mammary gland development • Releases growth hormone • Stimulates cell growth and replication • Releases melanocyte-stimulating hormone • Stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin Glands and Tissues

  12. Pituitary gland (con’t) • Releases antidiuretic hormone • Decreases amount of water lost in the kidneys • Causes vasoconstriction • Releases oxytocin • Stimulates muscles in walls of uterus, promoting labor and delivery. Glands and Tissues

  13. Thymus • Located between lungs on the trachea, where the trachea splits into the bronchii • Releases thymosins • Promotes the development of lymphocytes (white blood cells responsible for immunity) Glands and Tissues

  14. Thyroid Gland • Located on trachea, superior to the thymus • Releases thyroxine • Increases energy utilization, oxygen consumption, growth and development (increases metabolism) • Releases calcitonin • Decreases calcium levels in body fluids (blood) Glands and Tissues

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