The United States Becomes a World Power (Acquiring New Lands)

1. The United States Becomes a World Power (Acquiring New Lands)

2. The Race for Empire • European nations like Great Britain and France already had empires. The 13 colonies that became the United States had once been part of the British Empire. In the late 1800s; the United States set out to build its own empire.

3. Policy of Imperialism The governing of weaker nations or colonies by more powerful nations, take over other nations through treaties or wars. • US was the world’s leading producer of steel and oil. • More miles of railroad than any other country. • US extended from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean • The army had the Native Indians penned up on reservations. • Americans thought it was time for the U.S. to become world power

4. Why Policy of Imperialism • US needed new markets for the goods it produced. • As the nation grew; more crops and more goods were produced than Americans could use.(surplus of goods by factories) • Overseas markets would allow the economy to continue growing.

5. The Annexation of Hawaii: Crossroads of the Pacific

6. The Annexation of Hawaii • 1. 75% of wealth from sugar plantations • 2. Plantations owned by Americans • 3. 1875, planters signed a treaty with the US to sell their sugar in US without paying a tariff. • 4. 1887, planters forced the Hawaiian king to grant them control of the legislature • 5. 1887, U.S. gained rights to Pearl Harbor

7. The Annexation of Hawaii 6. 1891- The king dies; his sister Liliuokalani becomes Queen. 7. She wanted to restore power to native Hawaiians. 8. 1893, the planters forced the queen from office and applied for annexation by the United States 9. Annexation meant the U.S. would take control of Hawaii. 10. President Mckinley; who supported imperialism; annexed Hawaii in 1898 The annexation of Hawaii was an important topic in 1897

8. To The Victor Belongs the Spoils Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898,U.S.takes it as its own.

9. U. S.- Poor View of Hawaiians Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849by virtue of economic treaties.

10. Alaska

11. Many people called Alaska “Seward’s Icebox” and “Seward’s Folly”.It was a treasure of resources U.S. bought Alaska for $7.2 million from Russia

12. Alaska When gold was discovered; people no longer asked what we needed of Alaska. Salmon; timber; furs; and oil added to Alaska’s products. In 1959; Alaska became our 49th State.

13. The Spanish-American War

14. Cuba and Puerto Rico

15. By the 1890s; Cuba and Puerto Rico were the last Spanish colonies in the Americas

16. Cuba

17. Cuban rebels started a violent revolution against Spanish rule in 1895 led by Jose Marti. (attacking U.S. businesses.) These rebels were acting out, in part because of a depression caused by a decline in U.S. sugar purchases from Cuba. Rebel violence led to more repressive actions by the Spanish. Cuban’s Rebel Against Spanish Rule

18. Causes of Spanish-American War: 1. Spanish Misrule in Cuba:

19. 2. ValerianoWeyler’s“Reconcentration” Policy: Extreme inhumanity to Cuban people

20. 3.“Yellow Journalism”exaggerated or embellished stories to attract readers Joseph Pulitzer Hearst to Frederick Remington:You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war! William Randolph Hearst

21. 4. De LômeLetter Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishAmbassador to the U.S. Criticized PresidentMcKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair!

22. 5. The Sinking of the USS Maine in 1898 Battleship was anchored in Havana harbor when suddenly exploded; killing 260 sailors and officers. The yellow press blamed the explosion on the Spanish. “Remember the Maine” became the slogan Congress declared Cuba an independent nation. Spain declared war on the U.S; and the next day the U.S. declared war on Spain

23. The major fighting in the Caribbean took place in Cuba. US troops landed in Cuba known as the Rough Riders. They were commanded by Theodore Roosevelt. Spanish-American War July 1, Roosevelt led his troops in a battle to capture San Juan Hill. The US soldiers won the hill after a tough fight. July 3 , the Spanish fleet tried to escape the blockade around Santiago Harbor. The US Navy destroyed the Spanish fleet. Two weeks later, the city of Santiago surrendered. The war in Cuba was over. The Rough Riders suffered heavy casualties, but Roosevelt became a national hero.

24. Cuban Independence Teller Amendment (1898) Platt Amendment (1903) • Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign powers that would endanger its independence. • The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt. • Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station. • Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt. Senator Orville Platt

25. The Philippines

26. The War in the Philippines • The first fight took place in the Philippines. • On May 1, 1898, a US fleet under Commodore George Dewey attacked a Spanish fleet in Manilla Bay. Most of the Spanish fleet was destroyed.

27. Dewey Captures Manila, Phil.!

28. Emilio Aguinaldo Filipinos had been fighting for independence from Spain for years. Under their leader Emilio Aguinaldo, the rebels now fought alongside US troops. By August, they seized the capital of Manila and the main land.

29. Filipinos Rebel • Congress intended to make Philippines a territory also. • Rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo vowed to fight for freedom and in 1899 he led a rebellion against the US • The guerilla war lasted until 1901, when Aguinaldo was captured. • Anti-imperialist league supported independence for the Philippines • Others believed the nation needed colonies in the Pacific. The imperialists won and a US- led government was put in place. • The Philippines did not gain independence until 1946

30. Puerto Rico

31. Puerto Rico: 1898 • 1900 - Foraker Act. • PR became an “unincorporated territory.” • Citizens of PR, not of the US. • Import duties on PR goods • 1901-1903  the Insular Cases. • Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions. • Congress had the power to decide these rights. • Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal.

32. Puerto Rico: 1898 • 1917 – Jones Act.(became U.S.Citizens) • Gave full territorial status to PR. • Removed tariff duties on PR goods coming into the US. • PRs elected theirown legislators &governor to enforcelocal laws. • PRs could NOT votein US presidentialelections. • A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the House.

33. The Spanish-American War (1898):“That Splendid Little War” As a result of the Spanish-American War, the United States annexed both the Philippines and Puerto Rico and declared its right to intervene (become militarily involved) in Cuban affairs. The United States defeated Spanish forces in Santiago Harbor and San Juan Hill

34. An American Empire • The war ended after 4 months of fighting • As a result of victory over Spain in the Spanish-America War, the United States emerged as a world power. • As a result of the Treaty of Paris, Spain gave up its sovereignty over Cuba (granted its independence) and gave the US ownership of the former Spanish colonies of Phil., Puerto Rico, and Guam. • Cuba was granted independence in 1901. • The U.S. signed an agreement with Cuba known as the Platt Amendment 1903. • Key Features of “Platt” included the right of the U.S. to maintain naval stations on the island and the right to intervene in Cuban affairs. • In 1900, Puerto Rico became a US territory. • 1917, Puerto Ricans were given US citizenship.

35. Imperialist Foreign Policy

36. China

37. 1. Great Britain; France; Russia; Germany; and Japan controlled trade in vast areas of China. 2. These regions were known as spheres of Influence 3. U.S did not control any areas in China

38. The Open Door Policy Proposed by John Hay. Give all nations equalaccess to trade in China. Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

39. Panama

40. US was interested in both Caribbean and the Pacific Why build a canal? If a canal were to be built where the land between North America and South America is narrowest and across Panama it could shorten the trip by nearly 8,000 miles and several weeks! A canal across the isthmus of Panama would be the ideal solution. An isthmus is a narrow strip of land joining two large bodies of land.

41. Panama Canal • Panama was part of Columbia. • When Panamanians rebelled; Roosevelt supported the rebels against Columbian troops. • Panama agreed to lease a strip of land from the Pacific to the Caribbean to the US. This 10 mile wide strip became the Panama Canal zone In exchange for a 99 year lease. The US agreed to pay Panama $250,000. per year

42. How a lock works http://www.pancanal.com/eng/general/howitworks/como-tour.html How the lock works? Work began on the Panama Canal in 1904. It took 10 yrs and 40,000 men to build the Panama Canal. The Panama Canal opened in 1914

43. Our “Sphere of Influence” • The war reinforced the tenets of the Monroe Doctrine, established in 1823, It declared that the United States had an interest in the Western Hemisphere and that European powers must not interfere in the affairs of developing nations there.

44. The Roosevelt Corollary Roosevelt stated that the United States would become the policeman of Latin America. Roosevelt and later US presidents used his corollary to intervene in the Dominican Repbulic, Cuba, Haiti , Nicaragua and Panama. exercise of an international police power .

45. Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick! The United States would decide when to step in to keep economic and political order.

46. Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” Through Dollar Diplomacy President Taft aimed to encourage American investment in Latin America (South and Central America). Not only did Taft urge American banks and businesses to invest in Latin America, but also promised that the United States military would intervene (step in), if local unrest threatened their investments.

47. America's New Role

48. America as a Pacific Power