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Hypothetical Situation

Hypothetical Situation . Genes that produce chlorophyll in plants are inserted into the chromosomes of cattle. What are some of the advantages of this procedure? The result would be an animal that is capable of making its own food.

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Hypothetical Situation

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  1. Hypothetical Situation • Genes that produce chlorophyll in plants are inserted into the chromosomes of cattle. • What are some of the advantages of this procedure? • The result would be an animal that is capable of making its own food. • Can you think of the potential benefits of this kind of research?

  2. DNA Recombination a.k.a. Gene Splicing

  3. What is it? • Recombinant DNA refers to a new combination of DNA molecules that are not found together naturally. • Produced by joining DNA molecules from different biological sources. • The hybrid DNA is then inserted into a host cell, often a bacterium, for replication. Click

  4. Tools Needed • Restriction enzymes (biological scissors) "cut" DNA at a specific location. • DNA ligase (DNA glue) is used to "glue" two sections of DNA together.

  5. Plasmids… • Recombinant DNA is often created using a plasmid. • Plasmids are DNA structures in bacteria http://faculty.abe.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_09/FG10_001.GIF http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/virus_bacterium.aspx

  6. … or Viruses • The DNA in a virus can also be used for creating recombinant DNA • The virus can enter another cell and have its genetic code replicated by that cell http://www.microbeworld.org/microbes/virus_bacterium.aspx

  7. Products of Recombinant DNA Technology • Some examples of recombinant DNA products include insulin and growth hormone. • Vaccines can also be produced using recombinant DNA technology.

  8. Step by Step… • Let’s look at the process of DNA recombination…

  9. Step 1: A restriction enzyme is used to cut a specific DNA strand from the DNA of a cell

  10. Step 2: The cut DNA strand is inserted into a virus.

  11. Step 3: The virus is inserted into a cell

  12. Step 4: The cell passes the foreign gene on to all daughter cells

  13. A Close-up Viewof DNA insertion into a plasmid

  14. Areas Where Recombinant DNA will have an Impact • Better Crops (drought & heat resistance) • Recombinant Vaccines (ie. Hepatitis B) • Prevention and cure of sickle cell anemia • Prevention and cure of cystic fibrosis • Production of clotting factors • Production of insulin • Plants that produce their own insecticides • Gene therapy

  15. http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/photocopier-xerox.jpg Connections to the World Around Us

  16. Activity: • Make your own recombinant DNA!!

  17. Improved Medicines Improved Livestock (resistance to disease) Improved Crops (resistance to disease, higher yields) Prevention of Genetic Diseases Lowering the cost of medicines (i.e. Insulin) Safer Medicines (i.e. Insulin) Treatment for pre-existing conditions (i.e. Cancer) Safety concerns (viruses developing antibiotic resistance) Environmental concerns (developing resistance to fungi) Ethical dilemmas over human treatment (i.e. are we playing God?) Potential for Experimental abuse (doctors using patients as test subjects) Germline treatment going from treating diseases to a method for picking the traits you want in a child (i.e. specifying hair and eye color) Impact of Recombinant DNA

  18. Cutting DNA Strands The major tools of recombinant DNA technology are bacterial enzymes called restriction enzymes. Each enzyme recognizes a short, specific nucleotide sequence in DNA molecules, and cuts the backbones of the molecules at that sequence. The result is a set of double-stranded DNA fragments with single-stranded ends, called "sticky ends." Sticky ends are not really sticky; however, the bases on the sticky ends form base pairs with the complementary bases on other DNA molecules. Thus, the sticky ends of DNA fragments can be used to join DNA pieces originating from different sources. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/WYW/wkbooks/SFTS/activity6.html

  19. Creating Recombinant Plasmids • In order to be useful, the recombinant DNA molecules have to be made to replicate and function genetically within a cell. One method for doing this is to use plasmid DNA from bacteria. Small DNA fragments can be inserted into the plasmids, which are then introduced into bacterial cells. As the bacteria reproduce, so do the recombinant plasmids. The result is a bacterial colony in which the foreign gene has been cloned. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/WYW/wkbooks/SFTS/activity6.html

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