WELCOME BACK!

1. WELCOME BACK!

2. Ready? Set? THINK!!! • Sketch a political map of the United States. • No. REALLY!

5. On a different scale… • Now sketch a map of the world. • Yes, I am serious!

9. AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LAND USE

10. DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION • NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w • SECOND AG REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w • THIRD AG REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w

11. AG PRODUCTION HEARTHS • Upper SE Asian Mainland • Lower SE Asian Mainland • Eastern India • SWA • East African Highlands • Meso-America • North-Central China • Mediterranean Basin • Western Sudan • Andean Highlands • Eastern South America

12. AG PRODUCTION VARIANCES • Slash and burn in Peru • Nigerian women spread seeds • Center pivot irrigation in Oregon

13. AG SYSTEMS in CLIMATE ZONES

14. AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION • Hunting & Gathering • Shifting Cultivation (slash-and-burn) • Pastoral Nomadism

15. AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION • Subsistence Ag • Commercial Ag • Mixed Crop & Livestock

16. AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION • Dairy Farming • Grain Farming • Livestock Ranching

17. AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION • Mediterranean Ag • Commercial Gardening/Fruit Farming • Plantation Farming

18. AGRICULTURAL FLOWS • Columbian Exchange • NAFTA

19. von THUNEN MODEL • Originator of spatial models • Focused on maximizing the profit from his agricultural lands

20. “Isolated state” – no trade connections Possessed only one market Located centrally in the state Uniform soil, climate, level of terrain All farmers lived equal distance from market and had equal access to it Farmers sought maximum profits von THUNEN MODEL

21. von THUNEN MODEL

22. von THUNEN MODEL

23. von THUNEN MODEL

24. von THUNEN MODEL

25. von THUNEN MODEL

26. THIRD AG REVOLUTION • The complex of seed and management improvements adapted to the needs of intensive agriculture that have brought larger harvests from a given area of farmland • 1965-1995, world cereal production rose 90%, mostly due to increased crop yields rather than expanding cropland

27. THIRD AG REVOLUTION • 1965-1983 average yields • Rice 52%; Wheat 66%;

28. Advancements in PINGS (Mali) has helped delay famine and extended life expectancies PEDS haven’t slowed down – always pushing to find new technologies THIRD AG REVOLUTION

29. THIRD AG REVOLUTION • HIGH INPUT – HIGH YIELD CROPS • New variations of seeds/plants • Irrigation • Mechanization • Fertilization • Use of pesticides • More food

30. THIRD AG REVOLUTION • Irrigation has destroyed large tracts of land • Ground water depletion • Conflict between agricultural societies and urban sprawl

31. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THIRD AG REVOLUTION • Blending of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors

32. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THIRD AG REVOLUTION • Increased mechanization • Development of biotechnology

33. HOPES & FEARS ABOUT THE FUTURE • Will we be able to produce enough food for the world’s people? At what cost – economic and environmental?

34. POLITCAL GEOGRAPHY

35. POLITICAL DEFINITIONS Territoriality • The attempt by an individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area

36. POLITICAL DEFINITIONS Sovereignty Principle that final authority over social, economic, and political matters should rest with the legitimate rulers of independent states and be recognized by other states and codified by international law

37. POLITICAL DEFINITIONS Unitary State • An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials

38. POLITICAL DEFINITIONS Federal State • Allocation of strong power to units of local government within the country

39. POLITICAL DEFINITIONS Democratization The transition to a more democratic political regime

40. POLITICAL DEFINITIONS Nation • a group of people who possess common cultural traits • Kurdistan

41. POLITICAL DEFINITIONS • State • a political entity that possesses sovereignty over an area delimited by internationally recognized boundaries • Mexico

42. POLITICAL DEFINITIONS • Nation-state • a political unit that contains one principal national group that gives it its identity and defines its territory • Japan

43. RISE OF NATION-STATES • in response to the rise of nationalist political philosophies during the 18th century 2. humans want to be close to those of similar background 3. necessary and logical component of the transition from feudalism to capitalism 4. logical accompaniment of economic growth based on expanding technologies 5. arose from the collapse of local communities and the need for effective communication within a large unit

44. GROWTH THEORIES RATZEL’SSEVEN LAWS OF SPATIAL GROWTH • Size will increase as culture develops • Growth of a state is subsequent to other manifestations of the growth of the people • Growth from a process of annexing smaller members • Boundaries are peripheral organs that take part in all transformations of the state

45. GROWTH THEORIES RATZEL’SSEVEN LAWS OF SPATIAL GROWTH • As state grows, it will strive to occupy some politically valuable locations • 6. Initial stimulus for growth is external • 7. Tendency to grow continually increases in intensity

46. GROWTH THEORIES What connection is there between these growth theories and the concepts of Environmental Determinism and Possiblism?

47. GROWTH THEORIES Wallerstein’s World Systems • World is divided into three spheres: • core • semi periphery • periphery

48. Colonialism and Imperialism • Core– higher levels of education, salaries, more technology • Semi-periphery – transition between the two • Periphery – lower levels of education, salaries, less technology

49. INFLUENCE OF ETHNICITY Ethnic homogeneity of countries vary, but the extent of a state’s cultural diversity often influences its political stability

50. CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS Ethnic diversity can be a strong centrifugal force– leading to civil disorder, international conflict, unspeakable human rights abuses • Yugoslavia