D&T: Electronics and Control Systems Unit A511: Introduction to designing and making

1. D&T: Electronics and Control Systems Unit A511: Introduction to designing and making Name: Luke Farrell Candidate number: Centre Number: 16527

2. Reasons for theme choice I have chosen security as my theme choice as the crime rates in the UK are increasing, I am making a heat sensor for people that go out a lot and leave their house vulnerable for burglaries. The heat sensor will be able to detect if anyone is in the house by detecting the heat they give off naturally. This is a very good way of detecting people as it is quite hard to cover up. I have also picked the theme security as the crime rate in Essex and other county's have risen.

3. Creativity (slide 2) Theme Choice • Choose and state the theme for the project. • Explain why you have chosen it. • Use a mind map (spider diagram) explore possibilities. Show a range of possible problems and situations related to the theme. • For example: • Choose one to develop for your project – show your choice on the chart This could be hand drawn and scanned into your presentation

4. violence Hard to stop

5. Brainstorm and investigate your users, your place and other products like your intended product. Investigation of Users’ Needs My alarm will be used to stop/put off burglars from stealing your household possessions what It could be used at night when the owner is asleep or out My alarm will be used in a corridor were the burglar would walk through to detect the heat given off by them WHEN WHERE USERS NEEDS WHO WHY The owner of a household/office will use this alarm So that they owner will feel a little more secure in their house, without the need to worry about their belongings being stolen or from being attacked how The owner of the house will put the heat sensor on a wall next to a entrance into the house or window which will detect the heat of a person when entering the room/corridor

6. Heat sensors are used all the time n many different ways. Eg: they are used in earthquake wreckages to find people by locking on to there heat levels, And they are also used in the customs looking for illegal immigrants in the back of cars or lorries. There are different types of heat sensors This is a table from (http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/temperature-sensors-d_448.html) showing the different types and the different features.

7. Creativity (slide 4) Users Needs • What does the user need to solve the problem you have identified? • Evidence that there is a need (WHAT): • Annotated pictures • Newspaper clippings describing what happened (most articles will state what happened, who it happened to and probably where. • Evidence of users (WHO): • Brief survey • People in newspaper clippings • Evidence of the situation (WHERE) • Pictures showing where there might be a problem and where the solution you propose might be used.

8. Circuit with pcb

9. Creativity (slide 5) Carry out a brief questionnaire • Produce 10 questions that will help discover information that will show that people exist who have the problem you are exploring. • Get 10 people to answer your questions. • Ask questions to identify WHAT the problem might be. • Ask questions to identify WHO might have the problem and might want your product. • Ask questions to identify WHEN and WHERE the problem might be. • Ask questions to identify the nature of the possible solution. (This might help you draw up your specification. • Don’t forget to explain why you ask each question – don’t ask pointless questions that you will not learn anything from. • Make sure you do a tally of the results and explain what they show

10. survey 1.How many rooms do you have ? 14 15 17 18 15 19 16 15 14 14 2.Is your house isolated? Yes yes no no no no no no no no 3.Has your house ever been burgled? Yes no no no no yes no no no no 4.Have you got many valuables? Yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes 5.How many neighbours do you have? 0 0 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 6. How many rooms have valuables all all 5 10 all 8 10 9 10 7 7. Which room would you put the alarm in? 8.How many people live in your house? 9.Do you already own a burglar alarm.

11. questionaire

12. Creativity (slide 6) Product Comparison • Analysis of products related to the theme. • Three pictures of products related to the theme. The analysis should show a trend, such as cost complexity or type of user. (Probably 3 different types of security device.) • The table below could be used. (See the next page for some examples)

13. Examples of products for comparison (all alarms of some sort) Remember these are examples – you need to get your own Product Description – Personal Attack Alarm (£5.99) - From Amazon Tiny matchbox sized attack alarm with a useful key ring attachment. Simply pull pin out to activate alarm. Emits 130 decibel siren Supplied with alkaline battery 5 year no-quibble guarantee. Size: 4.4 x 3.8 x 1.6cm Weight: 20gms . From Amazon Product Description – Carbon Monoxide Alarm (£16.66) - From Amazon Requires 3 X AA Batteries, LCD Display, Approved Test and hush button Alarm memory function, Audio and visual Alarm, Self test function, Highly accurate carbon monoxide detection, Audibility: 85DB @ 1 metre distance Sound and LED indication Standby: Green LED flashes once every 30 seconds Alarm: Red LED flashes quickly with alarms sounding every 5 seconds and repeat Low battery indicator: Sounds every 30 seconds when batteries are lower than 3.3v with green LED, Malfunction indicator Product Description – Cold Alarm for Old People (£27.50) - From Amazon Keep warm and stay safe with this affordable and effective alert to the dangers of falling temperatures. Particularly useful for the elderly and less mobile, who are often especially vulnerable and cannot always detect or respond to getting cold, this Cold Alarm provides early warning of colder conditions in the home, so you can take simple steps to prevent ill health. The Cold Alarm delivers early warning of falling temperatures in the form of an easy-to-understand traffic light style LED display, which is backed up by an audible alarm at the lowest temperatures. Green light flashing every 10 seconds shows that the temperature is above 18°C : considered normal safe environment; Amber light flashing indicates that the temperature is between 12°C and 18°C :take action to increase warmth; Red light flashing warns of a dangerously low temperature of between 7°C and 12°C : there could be a risk of hypothermia, need to take action; Red light flashing and beeping alarm alerts to immediate danger of a temperature below 7°C : dangerously cold.

14. sensors/alarms This is a great little security wireless camera with night vision using infra red led's. Can see up to 10m. This camera transits wireless images to its owner up to a range of 20m. This security keypad door lock is great to keep you feeling more secure about not having your shed or house burgled. With no wires this device becomes far more easy to use And is very cheap to get These cctv systems are very useful in keeping an eye on what happens around your house. It is easy to setup and use and comes with 4 cameras. Even though it costs a lot it is very useful.

15. Creativity (slide 7) The Design Brief • Summarise what you have found out so far in terms of there being a definite situation, a recognised problem and people who have a need for what you could design to help them. • Write a clear Design Brief that describes clearly what you are going to design and make. • Write down what you need to do next or find out next e.g. • Decide in detail what your circuit is going to need to do to solve the problem. • What circuits and components might be available for you to use. • What software you have available to you, to help you solve the problem and design a solution.

16. Creativity (slide 8) Product Analysis • Analyse in detail 2 products related to your project (probably 2 different types of burglar alarms, one fairly simple and one a little more complex.) • Use the table on the next slide to help you organise the information. A more complex system for the home. A simple system for the hotel room on holiday.

18. Creativity (slide 9) Use 10 or 12 point text in this table

19. Design (slide 10) The Specification • Summarise the information to produce a list of points that describe what your “product” will need to be like to solve the problem. • Remember that you are only describing what the circuit will need to do to solve the problem. • This list of points is the “specification” • Function: • What it needs to sense – inputs • What it needs to do when whatever is sensed – output • Include any timings if appropriate – delays etc. • Include indicators etc. • Power supply. • Safety features. • Manufacture / construction. Do specification!

20. specification

21. Design (slide 11) System Diagram • Show a systems chart to show possible inputs, outputs and processes. • Show pictures of the components required for each input or output mentioned. • Do not include combining inputs and delays if not appropriate to what you are designing – although you could use the columns to show that the response is immediate. (i.e. 0 seconds.) Time delay between power on and input sensed? More than one input that needs combining? – e.g. AND or OR? Time delay after input sensed? List of possible things that could be sensed + images of possible components. List of possible ways that the output can be controlled. Time delay before the output is turned on. List of possible outputs ( include power indicators etc.) + images of possible components Delete these instructions from your table.

22. System diagram Security alarm ideas , e.g. burglar alarms or personal safety I will also have a flashing LED on my circuit

23. Design (slides 12 and 13) Slide 10 – Ideas for the circuit • Include 3/4 circuits that could solve the problem: • Picture of each circuit – from internet, hand drawn and scanned in or from circuit wizard. • Brief description of the circuit saying what does in terms of what it senses and how it controls its outputs. • How well it could it solve the problem? Slide 11 – Development of the chosen circuit • Choose one circuit and give your reasons for choosing it. • Build it in circuit wizard • Show screen shots of the circuit being developed – component values being changed to fine tune the way it works (especially in terms of timing delays etc.) • Show annotated screen shots of the circuit being tested to show that it will work and that it will solve the problem. • It is important that at least three annotated stages are shown of the circuit being developed, that the screen shots show it working so that it is clear that it solves the problem.

24. 3-4 circuits that can solve the problem of burglars This is a basic heat sensor alarm that is used to detect if there is a person/burglar in the your house if your asleep/out, it is useful as heat sensors are very effective to catching out burglar sneaking around your house, as it is very hard to stop producing heat from your body as your body is constantly at average temperature of 37.2, whilst room temperature is 17.5 that is a big difference that the temperature sensor detects that will set the alarm off. However this alarm doesn't’t have a big radius for the heat detecting so you will have to get a few to cover the whole house. This is a ptm pressure pad/mat burglar alarm, this alarm detects the pressure created after a a person has trodden onto the pressure pad/mat which the circuit will detect and activate the siren which will attempt to startle the burglar, and wake up the house owner if in. this alarm I hard to not set off as it can be hidden very easily e.g. under doormats, with this alarm being hidden there is a very likely chance that the burglar will step on the ptm switch which will turn on the siren. However you will need a lot of these alarms near all your windows/doors if you want to cover the whole house and it is not spread over a large area so they have a chance of jumping over your alarm bearing it useless.

25. Part 2 ¾ circuits to solve the problem of burglars

26. Design (slide 14) Development of the PCB • Show the stages of the development of the finished circuit into the final PCB • You must show at least 3 stages of development. • Each stage must be annotated to describe the changes and the reasons for them. • The final PCB must be shown including the off board components and the connecting wires – it would be a good idea to label this final stage. • The list of components must be included – images of the components to be used could get extra marks. (from earlier in the project?)

27. This is my circuit as a pcb, it includes a logic gate which links both of the inputs up, my logic gate is a and gate as the room or corridor the alarm is in will have to be dark to turn on, and the heat sensor will detect when someone has entered which will power up the transistor, the transistor will then boost the power up to turn on the alarm which will put off the burglar or alert the owner. Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 My circuit Figure 5 • Figure 1 shows my circuit after has been turned into a pcb with the copper background, it also shows a error (green line), and 2 blue wires which show that the circuit was unable to link the components with the copper tracks. • Figure 2 shows my circuit with the copper background deleted, it also shows a error(green line) this is show that some components have been able to connect together. It also shows 2 of the blue wires that means I still haven’t connected the components. • Figure 3 shows the circuit with the error being corrected by me turning on interactive routing and moving all the components around to make them all connect together. It also shows that I have managed to link the two components up with copper tracks (no blue lines) • Figure 4 shows my circuit being shrunk in size as I moved all the components closer together and also decreased the size of the circuit board, which will lower the cost of the copper needed and make my circuit easier to make. • Figure 5 shows my circuit being connected to a switch and a 9v battery to give my circuit a turn on/off switch and a power source, if I have a battery in my circuit it will also be harder to turn off if a burglar tries to disable the alarm. • Circuit components: • 1 LED • 1 siren/buzzer • 1 logic gate (and) • 1 thermsitor • 1 dark sensor • 1 resistor • 1 9v battery • 1 potentiometer

28. Making (slide 15) Planning for manufacture • Use the table below to describe how you plan to make your circuit. • Use the information and pictures of equipment on my website to help you. Delete any of the processes that don’t apply You need to add detail to this column for each process

30. Making (slide 16 to 18 - approx) Manufacture of the circuit • Include photographs to show the stages of the making of your circuit • Annotate each picture to show what is happening. • Highlight any problems that were encountered and what you did to solve the problem or anything that you changed as the circuit was constructed (i.e. what is different to what you planned. This is an important part of the mark scheme. • In addition: • You must include a clear photo of the whole circuit including the off board components and the connecting wires. • You must include a clear photo of the top side of the PCB showing the components. • You must include a clear photo of the underside of the PCB showing the soldered joints. • To ensure the marks for problem solving are gained it might be best if the changes mad and the problems encountered are summarised at the end of this section.

31. Here I soldered my wires on the wrong sides of the LED and I had shrink wrapped it so I had to redo a different LED. This is my buzzer with the exposed wire tinned to make the wire stronger and easier to solder. This is my power switch that will turn on the circuit. This is me stripping some wire to expose the individual wires inside ready to be tinned. This is some flexible wire cut to a length of 15cm and is ready to be stripped.

32. Evaluation (slide 19) Testing your circuit • Show a step by step plan that can be used to test your finished circuit. Write it as if it were for a person who does not know how it is supposed to work. • Tick of each step to show that the circuit works. Evaluation • Describe what went well and what did not go so well in the manufacture of your circuit • Consider the development of the circuit and the development of the PCB • Consider the actual building of the circuit • Could it have been made differently? – alternatives? • Could it have been made better? – how? • Compare what you did to the steps of your plan • See table on next slide as a suggestion.

33. Evaluation (slide 20) Evaluation (continued) Copy the planning table and edit as required. Comments only need to be brief.

34. Evaluation (slide 21) Improvements • In addition to describing how the circuit could have been manufactured better; • Describe how the circuit could be improved to function better to solve the problem more effectively. • Different inputs • More inputs • Different control of the outputs • Different outputs