International Involvement and the Progressive Era

1. International Involvement and the Progressive Era Unit Seven

2. SSUSH 13 – The Student will explain major efforts to reform American society and politics in the Progressive Era • Explain Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle and federal oversight of the meatpacking industry • Identify Jane Addams and Hull House and describe the role of women in reform movements • Describe the rise of Jim Crow, Plessey V. Ferguson, and the emergence of the NAACP • Explain Ida Tarbell’s role as a muckraker • Describe the significance of the progressive reforms such as the initiative, recall, and referedum; direct election of Senators; reform of labor laws

3. SSUSH 14 – The student will explain America’s evolving relationship with the world at the turn of the Century. • Explain the Chinese Exclusion Act • Describe the Spanish-American War, the War in the Philippines and the debate over American Expansion. • Explain U.S. involvement in Latin America, as reflected by the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine and the creation of the Panama Canal.

4. SSUSH 15- The student will analyze the origins and impact of U.S. involvement in World War I • Describe the movement from U.S. neutrality to engagement in WWI, with reference to unrestricted submarine warfare. • Explain domestic impact of WWI, as reflected by the origins of the Great Migration, the Espionage Act, and socialist Eugene Debs. • Explain Wilson’s Fourteen Points and the proposed League of Nations • Describe passage of the 18th Amendment, establishing Prohibition, and the 19th Amendment, establishing woman suffrage

5. The U.S. Looks Outward • Late 19th century, some Americans believed that the U.S. should expand beyond its own borders and acquire more territory – Imperialism • Expansion would provide economic growth; national security; crucial to a nationalistic spirit.

6. The U.S. Looks Outward • Some people felt expansion was an extension of Manifest Destiny. • They saw it as the responsibility and moral obligation for whites in the U.S. to civilize and take democracy to the rest of the world. • They thought that darker skinned people were inferior and needed leadership from white people of European dissent.

7. Isolationism • Others in American advocated Isolationism • They felt that acquisition would pull America into foreign conflicts; that expansion contradicted the very principles of freedom and self-government on which the U.S. was founded.

8. The Pacific • Expansionist looked to the Pacific as a pathway to the markets in Asia. • Secretary of State William Seward purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867. • American annexed Hawaii in 1897, for Pearl Harbor and its economic importance.

9. The Chinese Exclusion Act • America was looking at China as a new market, but at home Americans did not want to compete with Chinese immigrants for jobs. • 1882, Congress passes the Chinese Exclusion Act which prohibited immigration from China for 10 years; the act was extended and remained in effect until 1943

10. The Spanish-American War • 1895, Cuba rebelled against Spanish rule; the Spanish sent 150,000 troops to maintain order; they put thousands in concentration camps. • Pressure mounted for American to get involved, Yellow journalist printed stories, often exaggerated, just to sell newspapers. • These stories ignited public emotions and contributed to the calls for war with Spain.

11. The Spanish-American War • Assistant Secretary of Navy Theodore Roosevelt resigned his position to become Lt. Colonel and command a group of volunteers known as the Rough Riders. • War officially begins in 1898 when the US Battleship, the USS Maine exploded while in Havana Harbor. • Newspapers immediately blamed Spain and citizens demanded War.

12. The Spanish-American War • Explosion aboard the Maine was deemed an accident recently. • Commodore George Dewey set sail to the Philippines to destroy the Spanish fleet stationed there – he quickly seizes the Philippines for the United States. • In Cuba, Roosevelt wins praise for his charge of San Juan Hill – which becomes the most famous event of the War.

13. A Splendid Little War • American defeats Spain within three months • Sec. of State John Hay referred to the taking of the Philippines as “a splendid little war” • War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris 1898 • Cuba was made a independent country, but the U.S. was heavily involved in the Cuba

14. Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam • In 1900, Cuba writes its own constitution, the U.S. insisted that the Platt Amendment be added. • The amendment put limits on what the Cuban government could do, gave the U.S. two naval bases, and allowed U.S. intervention whenever we deemed necessary. • The Platt Amendment stayed in effect until 1930 • Puerto Rico and Guam became U.S. territories

15. The Philippines • American could understand the events in the Caribbean with Cuba, Puerto Rico, but the Philippines were on the other side of the planet. • Many joined the Anti-Imperialist League, which opposed US expansion and was financed by Andrew Carnegie. • Roosevelt felt that the Philippines were crucial for protecting American interest in SE Asia.

16. The Philippines • Filipinos under the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo rebelled against American occupation. • For two years they fought the US until he was captured in 1902 • The Philippines become an unorganized territory of the United States until 1946 when they are given their independence.

17. U.S. Involvement in Latin America

18. The Panama Canal • Following the assassination of William McKinley in 1901, Theodore Roosevelt became the 26th President. • Roosevelt envisioned a canal across the isthmus of Panama to serve the U.S. military and economic interests. • Columbia refused to lease or sell the territory to the U.S.

19. The Panama Canal • In 1903, the Panamanian people revolted against Columbia (????) - Roosevelt helped them achieve their independence. • The new nation of Panama leased the needed land to America; construction began in 1905. • The Panama Canal was competed in 1914; we controlled the canal until Pres. Jimmy Carter transferred the canal 1977; Transfer was complete in 1999

20. The Roosevelt Corollary • Commonly known as “the big stick diplomacy” • This expanded the Monroe Doctrine by saying the U.S. had a right to intervene in the region if a nation had trouble paying its debts. • He wanted to make sure that imperialist nations of Europe did not use debt as an excuse to re-colonize South America and the Caribbean. • The Big Stick name came from an African proverb which says, “Speak softly and carry a big stick” • It meant that the U.S. did not intend to be a threatening presence but it would not hesitate to protect its interest.

21. The Progressive Era

22. The Progressive Era • As the 1800s came to a close, only a few people enjoyed the wealth and prosperity, while immigrants and poor laborers lived and worked under harsh conditions. • Many citizens began to demand reforms in government, business, and society. • The turn of the century marked the beginning of the Progressive Era.

23. The Progressive Era • Progressives tended to be white, middle-class, Protestants, who believed things could be made better through government regulation. • Called for regulation of business, improved wages, regulations of the work environment, laws governing morality, standards for doctors, teachers, and lawyers

24. The Progressive Era • Claimed that the rich were exploiters of the poor and slaves to self-indulgence. • Historians praise the progressives for their ambition and drive to make society better, • They criticized them for their arrogance. • They assumed that those of lower economic or social status were helpless without guidance from the progressives and they need help from more sophisticated people to decide what was truly best.

25. The Muckrakers • Muckrakers were authors and journalist who uncovered the abuse and corruption in government and big business. • Ida Tarbell is famous for uncovering the abuses at Standard Oil Company trust. Her writings help to bring about the end to monopolies in the U.S • Upton Sinclair wrote The Junglewhich uncovered the truth about the meat packing industry in America

26. The Role of Women in the Progressive Era

27. Jane Addams • Called the “mother of social work”; she opened Hull House as a settlement house in Chicago • Settlement houses were social workers could give assistance to immigrants and under privileged citizens. • Served as a center to launch investigations into economic, political, and social conditions • It was a model for the over 400 settlement houses opened in the U.S. during the Progressive era.

28. The Temperance Movement • Temperance movement wanted to limit and eventually advocated eliminating alcohol. • Carrie Nation was one of its most colorful figures – she made it a habit of entering saloons and smashing bottles of liquor with a hatchet while her supporters sang hymns. • The 18th amendment was ratified in 1919 prohibiting the making, selling, or transporting alcoholic beverages in the United States, commonly referred to as “prohibition”

29. Women’s Suffrage • The woman’s suffrage movement began at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 by demanding the right to vote for women. • Susan B. Anthony was the most notable leader, along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton. • 1920, the 19th Amendment was proposed and ratified giving women the right to vote.

30. Progressives and Race • Following Reconstruction, Jim Crow Laws became common in the South. • These laws required segregation of blacks and whites. • 1896 – Plessey vs. Ferguson upheld such laws as constitutional. Establishing the separate but equal doctrine • Many progressives supported segregation and thought it was necessary.

31. Progressives and Race • W.E.B. Dubois , the first African American Ph.D from Harvard – rejected all justifications for segregation. • He was instrumental in founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

32. Labor Laws and Living Conditions • Living conditions were addressed by the author Jacob Riis in his book How the Other Half Lives - his writing showed how intolerable life was for immigrants and workers in the tenements of big cities. • Riis’s efforts resulted in the first laws aimed at improving urban tenements.

33. Labor Laws • Because wages were so low, men, women, and children often worked 12 hour days to make ends meet. • Progressives called for shorter workdays, higher wages and safer working conditions. • Some states passed minimum wage laws, and child labor laws

34. Triangle Shirtwaist Factory • 1911, a fire broke out in the Triangle Shirtwaist factory. • The doors had been locked to prevent employees from stealing • The fire killed 146 people and led to increased demands for safer working conditions.

35. Political Reform • 17th Amendment – provided for direct election of Senators • Developed initiatives, recall elections, and the referendum. • Initiative – allows citizens to force a vote on certain issues without having to wait for public officials to bring it up. • Recall – gave citizens the power to h old special elections to remove corrupt officials • Referendum – meant public officials were elected by popular vote, rather than by party bosses or state legislatures

36. Constitutional Amendments • 16th Amendment – allows Congress to collect income taxes • 17th Amendment- direct election of Senators • 18th Amendment – government prohibited the making, selling, and transporting of alcoholic beverages • 19th Amendment – gave women the right to vote.

37. World War I 1914-1917

38. The Roots of War • In 1914, World War I broke out in Europe. • Initially a conflict between European powers, it eventually involved the United States and other countries. • The causes of the war were in place long before a shot was ever fired.

39. Causes of World War I • Nationalism – pride in one’s own country or nationality. • Militarism – process by which a nation builds up its military to intimidate other countries. • Alliances – agreements between nations to help each other in the event of war.

40. The War Begins • The spark that ignited the ‘Great War’ happened June 28, 1914. • Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist group known as the Black Hand. • All the alliances came into play!

41. WWI Alliances • Triple Entente – Great Britain, France, Russia • Central Powers- Germany and Austro-Hungarian Empire. • Within two months of the assassination, all of Europe was at war.

42. The US Remains Neutral • 1914, President Woodrow Wilson officially declares the United States neutral ( not backing either side). • Many in the US believed in isolationism (philosophy that the US would stay out of international conflict) and did not see a war in Europe as any concern of the US.

43. The US Remains Neutral • Many citizens became peace activist ( Henry Ford) • Other citizens advocated neutrality while preparing for war in case it was necessary • US Policy towards the war became a key slogan in 1916 election. Wilson won a second term on the slogan, “He kept us out of war!”

44. Woodrow Wilson • 1856-1924 • 28th President- 1912-1920 • Democrat

45. The US Enters the War • Despite Wilson’s desire for neutrality, a number of factors led to US involvement. • Public opinion supported the Triple Entente Alliance – Britain, France, Russia. • US Banks had loaned a large amount of money to GB and had a vested interest in GB winning.

46. The US Enters the War • Great Britain controlled the communication lines and the images of the war ( the cut the cable from Germany) • People in the US came to see Germany as a ruthless aggressor out to destroy democracy and freedom. Kaiser Wilhelm

47. Submarine Warfare • One of Germany’s fiercest weapons was the U-Boat • U-boat is short for the German word Unterseeboot (undersea boat) • Germany attacked any ship entering British ports • Wilson said no nation should be allowed to disrupt neutral shipping on the high seas.

48. Submarine Warfare • The US was not entirely neutral; unknown to passengers, the US had begun shipping supplies to GB aboard commercial cruise liners. • One of these liners, the Lusitania, was torpedoed by a German U-boat in 1915. • 1,200 people died including 128 Americans. • Germany agreed not to attack US passenger ships.

49. Submarine Warfare • 1917, Germany resumed attacks on merchant and commercial ships. • The German policy of attacking all ships is known as unrestricted submarine warfare. • Germans knew this would bring America into the war, but Russia had dropped out to deal with its own revolution (Bolshivek Revolution)

50. Zimmerman Telegram • 1917, US intercepts a telegram from Arthur Zimmerman to Mexico. • It asked Mexico to declare war of the US if the US declared war on Germany. • In return, Germany promised to help Mexico regain the territory it lost in the Mexican-American War. • Mexico passed on the offer.