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The Middle Colonies

The Middle Colonies. New York. Settling the Middle Colonies. Old Netherlanders at New Netherlands. Henry Hudson’s voyage provided Holland with a claim to the region 1600s  Golden Age of Dutch history. Major commercial and naval power. Challenging England on the seas.

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The Middle Colonies

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  1. The Middle Colonies

  2. New York

  3. Settling the Middle Colonies

  4. Old Netherlanders at New Netherlands • Henry Hudson’s voyage provided Holland with a claim to the region • 1600s  Golden Age of Dutch history. • Major commercial and naval power. • Challenging England on the seas. • 3 major Anglo-Dutch Wars • Major colonial power [mainly in the East Indies].

  5. Henry Hudson’s Voyages

  6. New Netherlands • New Netherlands  founded in the Hudson River area (1623-1624) • Established by Dutch West India Company for quick-profit fur trade. • Company wouldn’t pay much attention to the colony. • 30 families settled along Hudson River and Manhattan Island • Manhattan [New Amsterdam] • Purchased by Company for pennies per (22,000) acre.

  7. Peter Minuit • New Netherland Governor • Purchased Manhattan for $24.00 worth of cloth and trinkets • Indians did not have concept of “white” land ownership. Land was communal. It could not be owned.

  8. Cha Ching!!!

  9. New Amsterdam, 1639 Dutch West India Company ran with the interests of the stockholders in mind. No interest in religious toleration, free speech, or democracy. Governors appointed by the Company were autocratic. Religious dissenters against Dutch Reformed Church [including Quakers] were persecuted. Local assembly with limited power to make laws established after repeated protests by colonists.

  10. New Amsterdam, 1660 • Characteristics of New Amsterdam: • Aristocratic  patroonships [feudal estates granted to promoters who would settle 50 people on them]. • Cosmopolitan  diverse population with many different languages.

  11. New York Manors & Land Grants Patroonships

  12. Patroon System • Patroon: person who transported and settled fifty families in exchange for a large tract of land in the New World. • Families had to live on the patroon’s land and under his control • System was unfair and feudalistic. • It failed because land was in abundance and people didn’t want to sacrifice their freedom.

  13. New Netherlands &New Sweden

  14. Swedes in New Netherlands • Mid-1600s  Sweden in Golden Age settled small, under-funded colony [called “New Sweden”] near New Netherland. • 1655  Dutch under director-general Peter Stuyvesantattacked New Sweden. • Main fort fell after bloodless siege. • New Sweden absorbed into New Netherland.

  15. New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal Colony • Charles II granted New Netherland’s land to his brother, the Duke of York, [before he controlled the area!] • 1664  English soldiers arrived. • Dutch had little ammunition and poor defenses. People living there did not see Britain as a threat. • Stuyvesant forced to surrender without firing a shot. (Angered Dutch by taxing them to fight the Indians) • Renamed “New York” • England gained strategic harbor between her northern & southern colonies. • England now controlled the Atlantic coast!

  16. Duke of York’s Original Charter

  17. New Amsterdam, 1664

  18. Dutch Residue in New York Early 20c Dutch Revival Building in NYC. New York Cityseal. Names  Harlem, Brooklyn Architecture  gambrel roof Customs  Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, bowling, sleighing, skating, kolf [golf].

  19. Pennsylvania

  20. The Quakers • Called Quakers because they “quaked” during intense religious practices. • They offended religious & secular leaders in England. • Refused to pay taxes to support the Church of England. • They met without paid clergy • Believed all were children of God refused to treat the upper classes with deference. • Keep hats on. • Addressed them as commoners  • Wouldn’t take oaths. • Pacifists.

  21. William Penn • Aristocratic Englishman. • 1660 – attracted tothe Quaker faith. • Embraced Quakerismafter military service. • 1681  he received agrant from king (Charles II)to establish a colony. • This settled a debt the king owed his father. • Named Pennsylvania [“Penn’s Woodland”]. • He sent out paid agents and advertised for settlers  his pamphlets were pretty honest. • Liberal land policy attracted many immigrants. • “Holy Experiment” in America.

  22. Royal Land Grant to Penn

  23. Penn & Native Americans • Bought [didn’t simply take] land from Indians. • Quakers went among the Indians unarmed. • BUT…….. non-Quaker Europeans flooded PA • Treated native peoples poorly. • This undermined the actions of the Quakers!

  24. Penn’s Treaty with theNative Americans

  25. Government of Pennsylvania • Representative assembly elected by landowners. • No tax-supported church. • Political liberty • Freedom of worship guaranteed to all. • Forced to deny right to vote & hold office to Catholics & Jews by English govt. • Death penalty only for treason & murder. • Compared to 200 capital crimes in England!

  26. Pennsylvanian Society • Attracted many different people • Religious misfits from other colonies. • Many different ethnic groups. • No provision for military defense. • No restrictions on immigration. • No slavery!! • “Blue Laws” [sumptuary laws]  against stage plays, cards, dice, excessive hilarity, etc. A society that gave its citizens economic opportunity, civil liberty, & religious freedom!!

  27. Pennsylvania Summary 1. Religious toleration 2. political liberty 3. respectful treatment of the Indians 4. Generous terms on which Penn offered land 5. Penn offered aid to immigrants 6. Freemen (taxpayers and property owners elected the councilors and assembly

  28. Philadelphia & Boston Compared

  29. Urban Population Growth1650 - 1775

  30. New Jersey

  31. New Jersey — PA’s Neighbor • 1664  aristocratic proprietors rcvd. the area from the Duke of York. • Many New Englanders [because of worn out soil] moved to NJ. • 1674  West NJ sold to Quakers. • East NJ eventually acquired by Quakers. • 1702  E & W NJ combined into NJ and created one colony.

  32. New Jersey: named after the island of Jersey: (Sir George Carteret) • Originally East and West Jersey • Came under control of New York in 1664 • East: NYC (Dutch settlers • West: Phila. Swedish settlers • 1676: Quakers • 1689: common ownership of New Jersey, but not really unified. • 1702: Royal colony

  33. Delaware

  34. Delaware — PA’s Neighbor Named after Lord De La Warr [harsh military governor of VA in 1610]. Closely associated with Penn’s colony. 1703  granted its own assembly. Remained under the control of PA until the American Revolution. First controlled by the Swedes, Dutch, then English

  35. Ethnic Groups

  36. Southern Colonies

  37. Maryland

  38. The Settlement of Maryland • A royal charter wasgranted to GeorgeCalvert, Lord Baltimore,in 1632. • Maryland named for • Wife of Charles I, Queen • Henrietta Maria • A proprietary colony created in 1634. • A healthier locationthan Jamestown. • Tobacco would be the main crop. • Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic relatives.

  39. Colonization of Maryland

  40. St Mary’s City (1634)

  41. Currency in Early Maryland

  42. A Haven for Catholics • Colonists only willing to come to MD if they received land. • Colonists who did come received modest farms dispersed around the Chesapeake area. • Catholic land barons surrounded by mostly Protestant small farmers. • Conflict between barons and farmers led to Baltimore losing proprietary rights at the end of the 17c. • In the late 1600s, black slaves began to be imported.

  43. A Haven for Catholics • Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants. • High number of Protestants threatened because of overwhelming rights given to Catholics. • Toleration Act of 1649 • Supported by the Catholics in MD. • Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS. • Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.]. • In one way, it was less tolerant than before the law was passed!!

  44. MD Toleration Act, 1649

  45. Virginia

  46. Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the Chesapeake settlement?

  47. 1619: Year of Importance • 1. House of Burgesses established • 2. arrival of African slaves • 3. women arrived: thank goodness!! • 4. Profitable trade in tobacco

  48. VirginiaHouse of Burgesses

  49. Growing Political Power • The House of Burgesses established in 1619 & began to assume the role of the House of Commons in England • Control over finances, militia, etc. • By the end of the 17c, H of B was able to initiate legislation. • First self-governing assembly in New World • A Council appointed by royal governor • Mainly leading planters. • Functions like House of Lords. • High death rates ensured rapid turnover of members.

  50. Virginia Becomes a Royal Colony • James I grew hostile to Virginia • He hated tobacco. • He distrusted the House of Burgesses which he called a seminary of sedition. • 1624  he revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA Company. • Thus, VA became a royal colony, under the king’s direct control!

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