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Chapter 1: Introduction to Science Section 1: The nature of science

Learn about the nature of science, its branches, the relationship between science and technology, scientific laws and theories, and the use of models and the scientific method. Explore measurement units and conversions in the SI System.

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Science Section 1: The nature of science

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  1. Chapter 1: Introduction to ScienceSection 1: The nature of science Mr. Stripling Physical Science

  2. What is Science? • Scienceis a method for studying the natural world. • It is a process that uses observation and investigation to gain knowledge about events in nature. http://www.sciencemadesimple.com/science-definition.html

  3. Branches of Science Draw in your notes

  4. Branches of Science Branches of Science Three MAIN BRANCHES • Life science deals with living things. • Earth science investigates Earth and space. • Physical science deals with matter and energy.

  5. Science vs. technology • Science seeks to understand the natural world • Explains what is going on around us • Technologyis the application of science to help people.

  6. Technology • Meets human needs, makes things easier, solves problems • Doesn’t always follow science, however, sometimes the process of discovery can be reversed. • Science and technology do not always produce positive results.

  7. Scientific laws and theories • Theory – similar to a guess but with a focus on WHY something happens. It must pass several tests to be usable. Seeks to explain many different laws. • Scientific Law – describes a process in nature that can be tested with repeated experiments. An observation about nature; a summary of a natural event • Theories • Must explain observation clearly and consistently • Experiment must be repeatable • Must be able to predict results from the theory

  8. Describing physical events with math • Example: GRAVITY • Qualitative statement – describes something with words • Quantitative statement – explains scientific laws and theories with equations • Area of a rectangle equation: A = l x w • Universal gravity equation: • Mathematics is the same language around the world!

  9. Models • A scientific model is a representation of an object or event that can be studied to understand the real object or event. • Can be used to represent things that are too small, too big, or too complex to study easily.

  10. Name some examples of models that you use every day • With your group brainstorm as many commonly used models as you can.

  11. Exit card #2 • Compare the two branches of physical science. • Explain how science and technology depend on each other and how they differ from each other. • Define scientific law and give an example. • Compare scientific law and scientific theory. • Explain why a scientific theory might be changed. • Describe how a scientific model is used and give an example of a scientific model.

  12. Section 2: The way science works

  13. The scientific method

  14. The Scientific Method • The scientific methodis a process for experimentation • that is used to explore observations and answer questions. • Scientists use the scientific method to search for cause and effectrelationships in nature. • In other words, they design an experiment so that changes to one item cause something else to change in a predictable way.

  15. Testing a hypothesis • Controlled experimentsare used to test a hypothesis • A variable is a factor that changes in an experiment in order to test a hypothesis

  16. Experiments test ideas • Experiments are not failures when they fail to produce the desired results • A hypothesis can be revised • “Failed” experiments should be published so that they can be peer reviewed • Why should “failed” experiments be published?

  17. Units of measurement • Scientists use standard units of measure that together form the International System of Units, aka the SI System • Used by scientists around the world • Why do you think that scientists use the SI system?

  18. Basic Types of Measurement Length: measures distance between objects Volume: measures the amount of space something takes up Mass: measures the amount of matter in an object Other Types of measurement include: • time • temperature • density • PH

  19. Measurement System Comparisons All Measurement systems have standards. Standardsare exact quantities that everyone agrees to use as a basis of comparison.

  20. In the English system you have to remember so many numbers . . . • 12 inches in a foot • 3 feet in a yard • 5,280 feet in a mile • 16 ounces in a pound • 4 quarts to a gallon In the SI System you only have to remember one number. The SI System is based on the number 10.

  21. The SI System uses the following prefixes: This system works with any SI measurement. The UNIT becomes whichever type of measurement you are making. (mass, volume, or length) It is the same system regardless if you are measuring length, mass, or volume. You can remember the SI system with: King Henry Died Unexpectedly Drinking Chocolate Milk

  22. How does converting units work? Unlike the English system converting in the SI System is very easy. For Example in the English system if you wanted to know how many inches in 2 miles what would you do? Take the number of miles (2). Multiply it by the number of feet in a mile (5,280). Multiply that by the number of inches in a foot (12). ANSWER: 126,720 inches in 2 miles

  23. The SI system is much easier. For example in the metric system if you wanted to know how many centimeters were in 3 meters, what would you do? Find the unit you have (meters). Find the unit you are changing to (centimeters). Count the number of units in-between (2). Move the decimal point that many spaces, in the same direction you counted (right). 3 meters = 300 centimeters Kilo Hecto Deca UNIT Deci Centi Milli

  24. 1 km 1,000 m ( ) ______ ( ) ____ 1 m 10 dm 1.5 km How many kilometers is 15,000 decimeters? X km = 15,000 dm =

  25. More Conversions . . . 2,321.0 millimetersto meters = 2.321 meters 521.0 grams to hectograms =5.21 hectograms 8.5 kiloliters to centiliters = 850,000centiliters NOTE:The digits aren’t changing, the position of the decimal is. In the English system the whole number changes. Kilo HectoDecaUNITDeciCentiMilli

  26. Basic Types of Measurement Volume: measures the amount of space something takes up Length: measures distance between objects Mass: measures the amount of matter in an object In SI the basic units are: • Length is the meter • Mass is the gram • Volume is the liter(liquid) • Temperature is Celsius

  27. Metric Measurement: Length • Length is the distance between two points. • Does not matter if it is width, height, depth, etc. All are length measurements. • The basic unit of length in the SI System is the meter. • The meter is about the length of the English yard (3 feet). • Area is a variation of a length measurement. • Area is length x width. • Expressed in units2 (m2, cm2, mm2 etc.)

  28. Metric Measurement:Mass • Mass is a measurement of the amount of matter in an object. • Basic unit of mass is the gram. There are 454 grams in one pound. • Weight and mass are related, but NOT the same. • Weight is the pull of gravity on an object • The greater the mass, the larger the pull of gravity.

  29. Metric Measurement:Volume • Volume is a measurement of the amount of space something takes up. • The basic unit used for volume is the liter. This unit is used for the volumes of liquids. • Volumes of solids are figured using this formula: (L)ength x (W)idth x (H)eight cm x cm x cm = cm3 • Objects without a definite length, width or height (a rock for example), can use water displacement to determine volume.NOTE:1 ml = 1 cm3

  30. Practice problems • Write 55 decimeters as meters • Convert 1.6 kilograms to grams • Change 2800 millimoles to moles • Change 6.1 amperes to miliamperes

  31. Section 3: Organizing Data

  32. Continuous Line Graph A graph in which points on the line between the plotted points also have meaning. Sometimes, this is a “best fit” graph where a straight line is drawn to fit the data points. Note that the independent variable is on the X axis, & the dependent is on the Y axis.

  33. Bar Graph Displays data by using bars of equal width on a grid. The bars may be vertical or horizontal. Bar graphs are used for comparisons.

  34. Circle Graph (Pie Chart) Displays data using a circle divided into sectors. We use a circle graph (also called a pie chart) to show how data represent portions of one whole or one group. Notice that each sector is represented by %

  35. SCIENTIFIC NOTATION A QUICK WAY TO WRITE REALLY, REALLY BIG OR REALLY, REALLY SMALLNUMBERS.

  36. Mathematicians are Lazy!!! They decided that by using powers of 10, they can create short versions of long numbers.

  37. Rules for Scientific Notation To be in proper scientific notation the number must be written with * a number between 1 and 10 * and multiplied by a power of ten 23 X 105 is not in proper scientific notation. Why?

  38. Soooo 137,000,000 can be rewritten as 1.37 X 108

  39. Now You Try Using scientific notation, rewrite the following numbers. 347,000. 3.47 X 105 902,000,000. 9.02 X 108 61,400. 6.14 X 104

  40. Convert these: 1.23 X 105 123,000 6.806 X 106 6,806,000

  41. Try These 4,000 4 X 103 2.48 X 103 2,480 6.123 X 106 6,123,000 306,000,000 3.06 X 108

  42. In the United States, 15,000,000 households use private wells for their water supply. Write this number in scientific notation. 1.5 X 107

  43. The U.S. has a total of 1.2916 X 107 acres of land reserved for state parks. Write this in standard form. 12,916,000 acres

  44. Why does a Negative Exponent give us a small number? 10000 = 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 104 1000 = 10 x 10 x 10 = 103 100 = 10 x 10 = 102 10 = 101 1 = 100 Do you see a pattern?

  45. Sooooo = 10-1 = = 10-2 = = 10-3 = = 10-4

  46. Your Turn Using Scientific Notation, rewrite the following numbers. 0.000882 8.82 X 10-4 0.00000059 5.9 X 10-7 0.00004 4 X 10-5

  47. More Examples 1) 0.0004 4 X 10-4 2) 1.248 X 10-6 .000001248 3) 6.123 X 10-5 .00006123 4) 0.00000306 3.06 X 10-6 5) 0.000892 8.92 X 10-4

  48. The nucleus of a human cell is about 7 X 10-6 meters in diameter. What is the length in standard notation? .000007

  49. A ribosome, another part of a cell, is about 0.000000003 of a meter in diameter. Write the length in scientific notation. 3 X 10-9

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