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Workshop B7: Surveying ‘Hard to Reach’ Groups

Workshop B7: Surveying ‘Hard to Reach’ Groups. 13 participants Austria: 1 Denmark: 1 France: 3 South Africa: 1 Switzerland: 1 United Kingdom: 1 Unites States: 5 Resource paper: Riandey and Quaglia ( Surveying hard to reach groups )

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Workshop B7: Surveying ‘Hard to Reach’ Groups

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  1. Workshop B7:Surveying ‘Hard to Reach’ Groups • 13 participants • Austria: 1 • Denmark: 1 • France: 3 • South Africa: 1 • Switzerland: 1 • United Kingdom: 1 • Unites States: 5 • Resource paper: Riandey and Quaglia (Surveying hard to reach groups) • Contributed paper: Contrino et al (A reexamination of methods in the US National Household Travel Surveys) • Contributed paper: Cowham et al(Prioritising street improvements for respondents with disabilities: qualitative and quantitative research)

  2. Questions discussed • Who are ‘hard to reach’ groups in travel surveys, and how does this differ by type of survey (e.g. telephonic vs. mail-back vs. home interview, etc.) and by context? • What bias is introduced by lack of coverage of ‘hard-to-reach’ groups? E.g. how does their absence/under-representation affect our estimates and forecasts of travel, or public policies? • Looking forward, how do we foresee this problem—getting less, getting worse? Why? • What measures can be taken to ensure that ‘hard to reach’ groups are included adequately in sample frames and selections? • What measures can be taken to ensure that selected ‘hard to reach’ respondents are successfully recruited and surveyed? • What forms of survey instruments are appropriate to reach ‘hard to reach’ groups, and how should these instruments be developed and tested? • If we could completely re-design survey practice, what kinds of things would we include to integrate respondents from hard-to-reach groups into the survey?

  3. 1. Who are ‘hard to reach’ groups in travel surveys, and how does this differ by type of survey (e.g. telephonic vs. mail-back vs. home interview, etc.) and by context? Persistent non-responders: • Foreign language • Illiterates • Disengaged • High/low income • Adolescents • Fearful • ‘Gate-kept’ individuals • Physically disabled • Mentally disabled Non-coverage in sample frames: • Illegal immigrants • Transients • Squatters • Homeless • Sub-letters • Group quarters • Inaccessible workers

  4. 2. What bias is introduced by lack of coverage of ‘hard-to-reach’ groups? E.g. how does their absence/under-representation affect our estimates and forecasts of travel, or public policies? • Bias depends on: • Survey method (e.g. CATI vs. PAPI vs. CASI vs. CAWI) • Context • Significance varies by survey purpose • Aggregate travel patterns • Special group surveys • Research gap: size of HTR groups

  5. 3. Looking forward, how do we foresee this problem—getting less, getting worse? Why? • Drivers of change: • Technology • Migration • Demography • Economy • Legal barriers/benefits

  6. 4. What measures can be taken to ensure that ‘hard to reach’ groups are included adequately in sample frames and selections? • Multi-frame sampling • Land line phone • Mobile phone • Address frame • Association/organization membership lists • Etc. • Identification and recruiting • General population surveys – frame completeness • Specific population surveys – cost of screening to identify individuals, or access panels

  7. 5. What measures can be taken to ensure that selected ‘hard to reach’ respondents are successfully recruited and surveyed? • Toolkit of recruitment techniques • Advertisements • Association registers/lists • Advance letters • Endorsements • Incentives/gifts • Language specialists

  8. 6. What forms of survey instruments are appropriate to reach ‘hard to reach’ groups, and how should these instruments be developed and tested? • Multi-modal with special components tailored for HTRGs • But are results compatible with main survey? • Non-response follow up surveys of two types • Short last-ditch version to get essential travel-related information • Short questionnaire for demographics/reasons for non-response • Mode depends on HTRG • Don’t wait until end • Design of instrument depends on purpose

  9. 7. If we could completely re-design survey practice, what kinds of things would we include to integrate respondents from hard-to-reach groups into the survey? • Ideal device to encourage HTRGs to participate • Inexpensive • Attractive/useful as a give-away after data collection finished • Customizable for HTG group • Non-intrusive • Secure • Passive fully automated data collection • Multiple sensing capabilities – not just GPS • Close to real time data transmission w/feedback

  10. Quantitative survey: visual material (Cowham et al) STREET FURNITURE & BENCHES: EXAMPLE CHOICE CARD

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