William Howard Taft

1. William Howard Taft Dates in Office: 1909-1913 Nickname: Big Lub Political Party: Republican Major Events: • Mann-Elkins Act • Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act • Sixteenth Amendment Ratified • Dollar Diplomacy • Trust-busting (Standard Oil, US Steel)

2. Woodrow Wilson Dates in Office: 1913-1921 Nickname: The Professor Political Party: Democrat Major Events: • Seventeenth Amendment ratified • Federal Reserve Act • Federal Trade Commission • Clayton Anti-Trust Act • Eighteenth Amendment ratified • Nineteenth Amendment ratified • World War I • 14 Points • Treaty of Versailles • Article X

3. Warren G. Harding Dates in Office: 1921-1923 Nickname: Winnie Political Party: Republican Major Events: • Emergency Quota Act • Teapot Dome Scandal • Washington Disarmament Conference

4. Calvin Coolidge Dates in Office: 1923 - 1929 Nickname: Silent Cal Political Party: Republican Major Events: • Immigration Act of 1924 • Lindbergh’s transatlantic flight • Kellogg-Briand Pact • Scopes Trial

5. Stock Market Game Results

6. The Great Depression The Aftermath of the Roaring Twenties

7. Causes of The Great Depression • Overproduction • Uneven distribution of income • High tariffs • Buying on credit • Stock market speculation • Dust Bowl • Slow government reaction

8. Problems with Overproduction • New machinery  greater efficiency  greater supply  lower prices • Low prices + reduced demand = debt, loss of income, job reductions

9. Uneven distribution of income • In 1929, the top 5% made 30% of the income. • 2/3 of families made less than $2500 a year, with little disposable income. When credit was suspended and loans called in, these families faced a dire situation.

10. Hawley-Smoot Tariff • 1920s: High tariffs to boost sales of American goods (isolationism) • Europeans can’t afford to sell goods here, thus can’t repay WWI debts • Hawley-Smoot Tariff: Raised the tariff rate to 59.1%, the highest in American history. • Foreign countries raise their own tariffs in retaliation.

11. Animals of the Stock Market The Bull The Bear

12. Causes of the Stock Market Crash • Long bull market due to unregulated speculation on the stock market • Speculation: investing on the hopes that a stock will go up in value. • Buying stock “on margin” – purchasing stock in installments, rather than all at once • Margin call: a broker could call in the full price of the stock if the value of the stock fell.

13. Causes of the Stock Market Crash

14. Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929 • Stocks took the deepest dive in history, losing $15 billion • Prices continued to fall throughout November • Banks lend $ to stock speculators + invest people’s $ in the market • Stock market crashes  banks lose investments  call in loans  investors can’t pay  banks close

15. Bank runs – when customers pull their money from a bank in large numbers due to financial panic, often causing the bank to collapse • Within the first two years of the depression, 10% of the nation’s banks were forced to close.

16. Hoover Faces the Depression • Hoover believed in “rugged individualism,” and opposed most government relief programs. • Attempts to Improve: • Urged businesses to keep wages high  businesses can’t afford all workers  increases unemployment • 1933: 25% of Americans unemployed • Reconstruction Finance Corporation: An independent agency of the United States government, created to help keep businesses running. • $2 billion in aid to state and local governments, banks, RR, etc. • Too little, too late

17. The Bonus Army • WWI vets promised a bonus to be paid in 1945, but needed it now. • The Bonus Army: 20,000 jobless vets march on Washington D.C. demanding their bonuses early (1932) • Government refuses • Set up camp on the lawn of the U.S. Capitol building • Hoover orders Gen. Douglas MacArthur to use military force to remove the protesters • MacArthur burns the camps and dispels the protesters • Hoover’s administration is tainted for the event

18. Surviving the Depression

19. Surviving the Depression • Many families turned to private charity to get the day-to-day items needed to survive • Soup kitchens • Bread lines • Others sold eggs, tomatoes, etc. or took borders into their homes to make extra money • Families made do with whatever they had and recycled old items into new. • The line for the Unemployment Office was monstrously long.

20. Segregated bread lines

21. A man selling apples Dresses made from old flour sacks

22. Blame it on Hoover Hoovervilles: Makeshift homes created by homeless poor in public spaces; named after the President, who they blamed for their plight.

23. Hoover Shack Hoover Wagon Hooverville

24. America’s Homeless • Many began wandering the country in search of work • Walking, hitchhiking, or “riding the rails” (hopping boxcars and freight trains) • Called “hobos” • Camped by rail yards in “hobo jungles” • Survived through a secret code system, identifying places of safety, food, etc. • 250,000 hobos were teenage boys

25. There were hundreds of symbols, as well as a code of ethics – • When in town, always respect the local law and officials, and try to be a gentleman at all times. • Always try to find work, even if temporary, and always seek out jobs nobody wants. When no employment is available, make your own work by using your added talents at crafts. • Respect handouts, do not wear them out, another hobo will be coming along who will need them as bad, if not worse than you. • When traveling, ride your train respectfully, take no personal chances, cause no problems with the operating crew or host railroad, act like an extra crew member. • Help all runaway children, and try to induce them to return home. • Help your fellow hobos whenever and wherever needed, you may need their help someday.

26. Brother, Can You Spare A Dime? They used to tell me I was building a dream, and so I followed the mob, When there was earth to plow, or guns to bear, I was always there right on the job. They used to tell me I was building a dream, with peace and glory ahead, Why should I be standing in line, just waiting for bread? Once I built a railroad, I made it run, made it race against time. Once I built a railroad; now it's done. Brother, can you spare a dime? Once I built a tower, up to the sun, brick, and rivet, and lime; Once I built a tower, now it's done. Brother, can you spare a dime? Once in khaki suits, gee we looked swell, Full of that Yankee Doodly Dum, Half a million boots went slogging through Hell, And I was the kid with the drum! Say, don't you remember, they called me Al; it was Al all the time. Why don't you remember, I'm your pal? Buddy, can you spare a dime? Once in khaki suits, gee we looked swell, Full of that Yankee Doodly Dum, Half a million boots went slogging through Hell, And I was the kid with the drum! Say, don't you remember, they called me Al; it was Al all the time. Say, don't you remember, I'm your pal? Buddy, can you spare a dime?

27. The Dust Bowl The Disaster of Dust

28. Dealing with mistakes of the past • Plains farming had always been challenging – droughts, infestations, wildfires, etc. • Farmers used dry farming techniques to help deal with the lack of moisture. • Made top layer of soil even drier • 1932 - Hit with a severe drought, causing remaining vegetation to die

29. The Dust Bowl • The Dust Bowl covered the states of Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, and Kansas, with winds blowing the dust as far as Washington D.C. • Massive dust storms choked the remaining vegetation and blocked out the sun. • Storms could dump as much as four feet of dust in a matter of hours

33. Black Sunday • April 14, 1935 – A “black blizzard” hit Oklahoma and Texas displacing 300 million tons of topsoil from the surrounding prairie. • The storm blotted out the sun and left visibility to about a meter.

34. Leaving the Dust Bowl • Reasons for migration • Unable to farm • Homes foreclosed • Migrated to the rich farmlands of California • Called “Okies” (derogatory term) • California’s Anti-Okie Law

35. Faces of the Okie Migration

36. Faces of the Okie Migration • Dorothea Lange – an influential photographer who captured the desperation of the Great Depression and the plight of Dust Bowl migrants. • Migrant Mother (1936) - "Destitute pea pickers in California. Mother of seven children. Age thirty-two. Nipomo, California.“ • Put a face to the impoverished migrant farm workers escaping the Dust Bowl • Encouraged FDR to focus more relief efforts on those affected by the natural disaster.

37. APUSH Review Quiz #1 • In the 1803 Marbury v. Madison case • the Judiciary Act of 1789 was ruled unconstitutional • the midnight appointments of John Adams were allowed to assume their positions as federal judges • Jefferson and his limited-government supporters scored an unqualified victory • the provision in Article III of the Constitution giving the Supreme Court the right to rule an act of Congress unconstitutional was referred to by John Marshall in his decision • the checks and balance system of the federal government was weakened • A national Fugitive Slave Act was a provision of which of the following? • the Missouri Compromise • the Wilmot Proviso • the Compromise of 1850 • the Kansas-Nebraska Act • the Ostend Manifesto • Puritan theology included a belief that • Every individual contained an “inner light” that could lead to salvation • The Bishop would chose ministers for each church. • Man was innately good, and free from sin. • God chose who was saved before they were born. • Good works and faith would lead to salvation. • Which of the following had the greatest impact on the American victory in the War for Independence? • Large population of Tories • Popular support for the Sons of Liberty • The victory at Bunker Hill • Understanding of the region buy colonial militiamen • The financial and military support of France • Which of the following is not associated with Andrew Jackson's presidency? • a challenge to the states' rights forces in South Carolina during the tariff crisis of 1832 • veto of the Maysville Road bill which would have expanded internal improvements • a reverence towards John Marshall and the decisions of the Supreme Court. • a challenge to the power of the Bank of the U.S. • a firm belief in the president receiving a direct mandate to rule from the voters

38. Distractions

39. Newsmakers • Although the economic crisis dominated the news during the 1930s, other events and people drew the attention of the masses, especially those that drew their attention away from their own financial troubles. • Gandhi’s Salt March • Pluto discovered • Completion of the Empire State Building • Lindbergh baby kidnapping • Scientists split the atom • Berlin Olympics • Spanish Civil War • Amelia Earhart’s fateful flight • The Hindenburg explosion

40. Bonnie and Clyde Newsmakers Organized Crime

41. Art and Literature AMERICAN GOTHIC JOHN STEINBECK

42. Games

43. Music • Western music gained popularity, as it was a familiar and comforting sound. • The Grand Ole’Opry became one of the most popular radio programs on the air, with performances by musicians and comedians, and short skits. • Gene Autry • Roy Rogers • Woody Guthrie

44. Music • Jazz and Blues music continued in popularity from the 1920s, but the style began to shift, from Dixieland Jazz to Swing. • Billie Holiday • Ella Fitzgerald • Benny Goodman • Glenn Miller • Count Basie • Duke Ellington • Louis Armstrong

45. Dance • Popular dances: The Foxtrot, Swing (Lindy Hop, Balboa, East/West Coast Swing), and Jitterbug • Dance Marathons were incredibly popular • Pairs were required to remain in motion for 45 minutes each hour, around the clock. • Contestants could win hundreds of dollars by outlasting the other couples • A 25-cent admission price entitled audience members to watch as long as they pleased

46. Sports

47. Sports

48. Radio • The radio was the most popular form of entertainment, with news, sports, music, and theatrical programs. • Cheap • Entertaining • Family-oriented • Popular programs: Grand Ole’ Opry, Red Ryder, Little Orphan Annie, “Soap Operas,” Marx Bros., Abbot and Costello, the Lone Ranger, Dick Tracy, George Burns and Gracie Allen

49. Radio • Orson Welles produced a radio broadcast of H.G. Wells’ novel The War of the Worlds for Halloween in 1938. • The broadcast was presented in the form of a series of “news bulletins” about an alien invasion on Earth and the near destruction of mankind. • Many Americans believed the broadcast to be real, and panicked over the supposed invasion.

50. Movies • Cheap (15¢ – 25¢) and air-conditioned • Not just a movie: double-feature, newsreels, cartoons, live orchestras, comic emcees