Lecture 19 Life Cycle Analysis & Economic Impact

1. Lecture 19 Life Cycle Analysis & Economic Impact • Life Cycle Assessment • Emissions Related to Global Warming • Emissions Related to Air Pollution • Analysis of Entire Scenarios with LCA

2. Life Cycle Assessment Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle. ISO = International Organization for Standardization Ensures that an LCA is completed in a certain way. WHAT CAN BE DONE WITH LCA? Product or project development and improvement Strategic planning Public policy making Marketing and eco-declarations

3. Life Cycle Assessment M, E M, E M, E M, E M, E M, E M a t e r i a l M a n u f a c t u r e U s e & R e t i r e m e n t T r e a t m e n t R a w M a t e r i a l P r o c e s s i n g & A s s e m b l y S e r v i c e & R e c o v e r y D i s p o s a l A c q u i s i t i o n W W W W W W r e u s e r e m a n u f a c t u r e o p e n - l o o p c l o s e d - l o o p r e c y c l e r e c y c l e M, E = Material and Energy inputs to process and distribution W = Waste (gas, liquid, or solid) output from product, process, or distribution Material flow of product component

4. What Makes Up LCA • Goal & Scope Definition What is the purpose of the LCA and who is the audience? • Inventory Analysis (LCI) • What is the function & functional unit? • Where are the boundaries? • What data do you need? • What assumptions are you making? • Are there any limitations? • Impact Assessment (LCIA) What are the environmental, social, and economic affects? • Interpretation Ways to reduce environmental impacts. What conclusions can you draw from the study? What recommendations can be made?

5. Life Cycle Assessment as a Tool LCA consists of three primary stages: Analyze the relevant energy and material inputs and outputs associated with the change in energy technology long the entire supply chain. Quantify the environmental impacts associated with these energy and material changes. Rate the proposed change in energy technology against other scenarios.

6. Life Cycle Assessment as a Tool

7. Life Cycle Assessment as a Tool A useful LCA analysis follows the following steps Research and develop an understanding of supply chain from raw materials production to end use. Sketch a supply chain showing important processes and primary mass and energy flows. Identify “bottleneck” processes. Analyze the energy and mass flows in the supply chain using a control volume analysis and the principle of conservation of mass and energy.

8. Life Cycle Assessment as a Tool 5. Having analyzed the individual processes within the supply chain, evaluate the entire supply chain as a single control volume. 6. Quantify the environmental impacts of these net flows. 7. Compare the net change in energy flows, emissions, and environmental impacts of one supply chain with another. 8. Rate the environmental performance of each supply chain against the others. 9. Repeat the analysis for an expended, more detailed number of processes in the supply chain.

9. Application of LCA to Fuel Cells

10. Application of LCA to Fuel Cells

11. Important Emissions for LCA Emissions influence global warming. CO2, CH4, Emissions influence air pollution. Ozone, CO, NOx, particular matter (PM), Sox, VOCs

12. Important Emissions for LCA

13. Emissions Related to Global Warming

14. Emissions Related to Global Warming

15. Emissions Related to Global Warming

16. Hydrogen as a Potential Contributor to Global Warming • Since industrialization, H2 in atmosphere level increases from 200 ppb to 530 ppb. • H2 level expected to increase if H2-O2 fuel cells become widespread. • H2 + OH → H + H2O • CH4 + OH → CH3 + H2O • If H2 dose not react with OH, OH might otherwise reduce the presence of CH4.

17. Quantifying Environmental Impact — CO2 Equivalent -

18. Quantifying Environmental Impact — External Costs of Global Warming • An increase in sea level, resulting in flooding of some low-lying areas • An intensification of hydrological cycle, resulting in both more drying and more flooding due to an increase in extreme precipitation events • Shifts in regions with arable land and changes in agriculture regions • Damage of ecosystems

19. Quantifying Environmental Impact — External Costs of Global Warming

20. Quantifying Environmental Impact — External Costs of Global Warming

21. Quantifying Environmental Impact — External Costs of Global Warming

22. Emissions Related to Air Pollution Ozone, CO, NOx, particular matter (PM), Sox, VOCs

23. Hydrogen as a Potential Contributor to Air Pollution • H2+ OH → H + H2O • H + O2 + M → HO2+ M • NO + HO2 → NO2 + OH • NO2+ hv→ NO+ O • O + O2 + M → O3 + M • M represents any molecule in the air that is neither created nor destroyed during the reaction but that absorbs energy from the reaction.

24. Emissions Related to Air Pollution

25. Emissions Related to Air Pollution

26. Analyzing Entire Scenarios with LCA • Research and development an understanding of the supply chain • Sketch a supply chain • Identify the “bottleneck” processes • Analyze the energy and mass flows in the supply chain • Aggregate net energy and emission flows for the chain

27. Analyzing Entire Scenarios with LCA

28. Analyzing Entire Scenarios with LCA