The Politics and Culture of the 1920s

1. Splash Screen

2. Chapter Introduction Section 1:The Politics of the 1920s Section 2:A Growing Economy Section 3:A Clash of Values Section 4:Cultural Innovations Section 5: African American Culture Visual Summary Chapter Menu

3. Why Does Culture Change? • In the 1920s, technology spurred economic growth and cultural change. Although not everyone approved, young people adopted new styles of dress, listened to jazz music, and had more independence than earlier generations. • What technologies changed life in the 1920s? • How do you think the invention of radio and movies changed popular culture? Chapter Intro

4. Chapter Timeline

5. Chapter Timeline

6. The Politics of the 1920s Why did the American people want life to return to the way it was before World War I? Chapter Intro 1

7. A Growing Economy How did new industries contribute to economic growth? Chapter Intro 2

8. A Clash of Values Why did the modern culture of the 1920s cause some people to think that traditional society and morality were under attack? Chapter Intro 3

9. Cultural Innovations How did popular culture, the arts, and literature change in the 1920s? Chapter Intro 4

10. African American Culture How did African Americans affect American society in the 1920s? Chapter Intro 5

11. Chapter Preview-End

12. Big Ideas Economics and SocietyGovernment policies helped create prosperity in the 1920s. Section 1-Main Idea

13. Content Vocabulary • supply-side economics • cooperative individualism • isolationism Academic Vocabulary • investigation • revelation Section 1-Key Terms

14. People and Events to Identify • Teapot Dome • Charles G. Dawes • Charles Evans Hughes • Kellogg-Briand Pact Section 1-Key Terms

15. A B Are there any political scandals that have occurred during your lifetime? A. Yes B. No Section 1-Polling Question

16. The Harding Administration President Harding staffed his administration with political friends from Ohio; his presidency was marred by many scandals. Section 1

17. The Harding Administration (cont.) • People applauded when the open, easygoing atmosphere of the Harding administration replaced the quiet gloom of President Wilson’s last years. • Harding made several distinguished appointments to the cabinet, as well as some disastrous ones. • He gave many cabinet posts and high-level jobs to friends and political allies from Ohio. Section 1

18. The Harding Administration (cont.) • Some members used their positions to sell government jobs, pardons, and protection from prosecution. • Shortly after Harding died on August 2, 1923, news of the Forbes scandal broke. • The most famous scandal was known as the Teapot Dome. • Another Harding administration scandal involved Attorney General Harry Daugherty. Section 1

19. The Harding Administration (cont.) • Calvin Coolidge became president after Harding died. • He believed that prosperity rested on business leadership and that part of his job as president was to make sure that government interfered with business and industry as little as possible. • He easily won the Republican nomination for president in 1924. Section 1

20. A B C Which scandal involved the selling of scarce medical supplies from veteran’s hospitals? A.The Forbes scandal B.The Teapot dome C.The Harry Daugherty scandal Section 1

21. Policies of Prosperity During the 1920s, the government cut taxes and spending to encourage economic growth. Section 1

22. Policies of Prosperity (cont.) • Both Andrew Mellon and Herbert Hoover were responsible for policies that contributed to the economic growth and prosperity of the 1920s. • When Mellon took office, he had three major goals: • Balance the budget • Reduce the government’s debt • Cut taxes Coolidge and Prosperity Section 1

23. Policies of Prosperity (cont.) • In 1921, Mellon convinced Congress to create both the Bureau of the Budget and the General Accounting Office. • Mellon’s ideas about taxes are known today as supply-side economics, or “trickle-down” economics. Section 1

24. Policies of Prosperity (cont.) • Hoover tried to balance government regulation with his own philosophy of cooperative individualism. • He believed this system would reduce costs and promote economic efficiency. • To assist business, Hoover directed the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce to find new markets for companies. • He also established the Bureau of Aviation and the Federal Radio Commission. Section 1

25. A B C D Under Mellon’s leadership, the federal budget fell by approximately how much? A.$1 billion B. $3 billion C. $10 billion D. $15 billion Section 1

26. Trade and Arms Control During the 1920s, the United States tried to promote peace and stability through economic policies and arms control agreements. Section 1

27. Trade and Arms Control (cont.) • By the 1920s, the United States was the dominant economic power in the world. • The majority of Americans—tired of being entangled in the baffling, hostile, and dangerous politics of Europe—favored isolationism. • Instead of relying on armed force and the collective security of the League of Nations, the U.S. tried to promote peace by using economic policies and arms control agreements. Section 1

28. Trade and Arms Control (cont.) • It was vital for the United States that European economies be healthy so that the Europeans could buy American exports and repay their debts. • In 1924, American diplomat Charles G. Dawes negotiated an agreement with France, Britain, and Germany by which American banks would make loans to Germany that would enable it to make reparations payments. Section 1

29. Trade and Arms Control (cont.) • To end the weapons race, the U.S. invited representatives from eight major countries to Washington, D.C., to discuss disarmament. • In his address to the delegates, Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes proposed a 10-year moratorium on the construction of new warships. • He also proposed a list of warships in each country’s navy to be destroyed. The Washington Conference, November 1921–February 1922 Section 1

30. Trade and Arms Control (cont.) • The discussions that followed produced the Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty. • On August 27, 1928, the U.S. and 14 other nations signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact. Section 1

31. A B After World War I, was the United States a debtor nation or a nation that was owed money from other countries? A.Debtor nation B.Owed money Section 1

32. Section 1-End

33. Big Ideas Economics and SocietyThe United States experienced stunning economic growth during the 1920s. Section 2-Main Idea

34. Content Vocabulary • mass production • assembly line • Model T • welfare capitalism • open shop Academic Vocabulary • disposable • credit Section 2-Key Terms

35. People and Events to Identify • Charles Lindbergh Section 2-Key Terms

36. A B In general, does the availability of credit help or harm an individual? A. Help B. Harm Section 2-Polling Question

37. The Rise of New Industries Mass production and the assembly line allowed new industries, such as automobile and airplane manufacturing, to grow. Section 2

38. The Rise of New Industries (cont.) • The automobile was just one part of a rising standard of living that Americans experienced in the 1920s. • Cars revolutionized American life. • Changes, such as the 8-hour work week, took place because mass production increased supply and reduced costs. Section 2

39. The Rise of New Industries (cont.) • First adopted by carmaker Henry Ford, the movingassemblyline divided operations into simple tasks and cut unnecessary motion to a minimum. • Ford’s assembly-line product was the Model T. • His business philosophy was: lower the cost per car and thereby increase the volume of sales. Section 2

40. The Rise of New Industries (cont.) • By the mid-1920s, other car manufacturers, notably General Motors and Chrysler, competed successfully with Ford. • Ford built up workers’ loyalty by doubling their pay and reducing the workday to eight-hour shifts. Section 2

41. The Rise of New Industries (cont.) • In response to rising disposable income, many other new goods came on the market. • Products for the home, as well as those that were focused on fashion and youthful appearance, were popular. • After Wilbur and Orville Wright made the first manned, powered flight in history in 1903, the aviation industry began developing rapidly. • Leading the way was American inventor Glenn Curtiss, inventor of the aileron. Section 2

42. The Rise of New Industries (cont.) • After Curtiss and other entrepreneurs started building practical aircraft, the federal government began to support the airline industry. • President Wilson’s postmaster general introduced the world’s first regular airmail service in 1918. Section 2

43. The Rise of New Industries (cont.) • The Kelly Act and the Air Commerce Act also helped the aviation industry. • Former airmail pilot Charles Lindbergh made an amazing transatlantic solo flight in 1927. • In 1913, Edwin Armstrong, an American engineer, invented a special circuit that made it practical to transmit sound via long-range radio. • The radio industry began a few years later. Section 2

44. The Rise of New Industries (cont.) • In 1926, the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) set up network stations to broadcast daily radio programs. • In 1928, the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) assembled a coast-to-coast network of stations to rival NBC. Section 2

45. A B C D By the end of 1928, how many airlines existed? A.2 B.24 C.48 D.100 Section 2

46. The Consumer Society Consumer credit and advertising helped to create a nation of consumers. Section 2

47. The Consumer Society (cont.) • One notable aspect of the economic boom was the growth of individual borrowing, or credit. • To attract consumers, manufacturers turned to advertising, another booming industry in the 1920s. Growth of Consumer Debt, 1920–1933 Section 2

48. The Consumer Society (cont.) • By the early 1920s, many industries had begun to create modern organizational structures. • The managerial revolution in companies created a new career—the professional manager. • Due to rising wages and welfare capitalism, industrial workers were also members of the new consumer society. Section 2

49. The Consumer Society (cont.) • During the 1920s, unions lost both influence and membership. • Employers promoted the open shop. • Many people were left out of the economic boom, such as: • African Americans • Native Americans Prosperity for Whom? Section 2

50. The Consumer Society (cont.) • new immigrants • people in the Deep South Section 2