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Introduction to Metabolism ط      Concept of metabolism, catabolism

Introduction to Metabolism ط      Concept of metabolism, catabolism ط      Anabolic and catabolic pathways ط      Important consideration for metabolism of carbohydrates, Protein and Lipid ط      Overview of metabolic pathways, energetic and regulation

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Introduction to Metabolism ط      Concept of metabolism, catabolism

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  1. Introduction to Metabolism ط     Concept of metabolism, catabolism ط     Anabolic and catabolic pathways ط     Important consideration for metabolism of carbohydrates, Protein and Lipid ط     Overview of metabolic pathways, energetic and regulation                            D4 268-269  , 362-363  ,446-447

  2. Introduction 1. Metabolism: intracellular biochemical reaction involve synthesis, conversion, transport & breakdown of various compounds. 2. Anabolism (-genesis): synthesis reactions in metabolism. 3. Catabolism (-lysis): breakdown of metabolites or oxidation: stored in the form of ATP ATP ENERGY ADP + Pi ENERGY AMP + Pi a) Energy produced from high energy compound: e.g. ATP, GTP, UTP      -ATP to ADP = 13000 kcal ADP to AMP = 1200 kcal AMP to A = 3000 kcal b) Substrate level phosphorylation: S-P + ADP  S + ATP c) Oxidation phosphorylation:  -NADH + H      3 ATP -FADH2             2 ATP

  3. Carbohydrate Metabolism 1.        fig7.1: GLYCOGEN (glucose storage)  GLUCOSE  PYRUVATE  ….. 2.        Defect in Glc metab causes OBESITY & DIABETES: Atherosclerosis, hypertension, kidney disease, blindness

  4. Lipid Metabolism 1. FA  lipid molecules (nonpolar/hydrophobic) 2. fig9.1: TG (FA storage) FAFA / albumine, TG/LP, KB FAACoA  ….. 3. Lipid functions: a) Oxidation of FA  ENERGY b) Hydrophobic Structure, FA bound to: -carbohydrates (Glycolipids)   -organic phosphate (phospholipids) c) Surface active Properties: -maintenance of lung alveolar integrity -solubolization of nonpolar substances in body fluid -steroid hormones & prostaglandins in metabolic control 4. Deficiencies cause:      obesity, diabetes, ketoacidosis & abnormal lipid transport    Refsum's Disease & familiar hypercholesterolemia

  5. Amino Acids Metabolism 1. fig11.1: H2 BACT/PLANT/LIGHT NH3 (ammonia) INCORPORATED AA/Prt (Diet) excretion of NH3 involve sythesis & degradation: Glu, Gln, asp, asn, ala, arg 2. T11.1:           -Essential: from diet -Nonessential: de novo biosynthesis 3. T7.2: -Glucogenic: carbon source for Glc synthesis, to Pyr, 3PG, a-KG, OA, Fum, SCoA -Ketogenic: cannot function as carbon source, to ACoA or acetoacetate 4. fig11.2: carbon enters in 7 points a) nonessential b) essential

  6. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates ط     Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates ط     Transport of Monosaccharides ط     glucose transporters ط     Insulin effect on different transporter ط     Lactose intolerance                                          D4 1073-7

  7. Carbohydrates Digestion 5. Polysaccharides (Branched 100,000 glc mol): α-1, 4-glucosidic bond (amylose) α-1, 6-glucosidic bond (amylopectin) a) Starch (plant); α-1, 4-bond:α-1, 6-bond (ratio 20:1) b) Glycogen (animal); more branches 6. Poly- AMYLASE (salivary & pancreatic)  Di- (maltose) MALTASE Mono …..fig 7. poly- or oligo- (e.g. beans) or di- (e.g. young mushrooms) BACT. (lower ileum) ….. fig this will cause anaerobic hydrolysis è gases è diarrhea

  8. Monosaccharide Absorption 1. Intest Luman; Mono- transported by SGLT1: Na+-dependent active transport specific for Glc, Gal     by Na+-independent facilitative diffusion: -GLUT5 for Fru      -GLUT for all mono 2. Monotransporters or glc trans (GLUT1, 3, 4 ) …… Table 3. Insulin Effect on transporters: a) INS-insensitive glc transport system, GLUT2 (liver): Rapid glc uptake & release b) INS-sensitive glc transport system, GLUT5 (muscle/AT): insulin-stimulated glc uptake

  9. Table: Monosaccharides Transporters

  10. Intestinal DisaccharideDeficiencies: cc26.4 a) In 1 enzyme or more b) Reasons: genetic, age, injury c) Most common is LACTOSE deficiency (milk, lactose intolerance) d) Lower ileum Bact. fermentation causes gas & osmosis lead to diarrhoea e) Yogurt contain partially hydrolyzed lactose f)  The enzyme lactase is commercially available

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