Introduction to Physiology for Physiotherapists

1. Introduction to Physiology for Physiotherapists PHY1024-N Cells, membranes and transport

2. How to view these slides • Watch this as a PowerpointPresention. Click ‘Slide Show’ , then ‘from beginning’ to view the slides. • You will be able to view embedded videos and links in ‘Slide Show’. • Look at the learning objectives and make short notes around these. • Try the exam question at the end of the lecture slides.

3. You learning objectives • You should make notes on and be able to • State that the body is organised from cells, tissues, organs and organ systems • Describe the structure and components of a typical cell membrane • Describe the roles of membrane proteins • Identify and describe the different types of transport used by cells • Describe how the sodium/potassium pump works • Identify the role of the nucleus and mitochondria in a typical cell

4. How to build a house?

5. How to build a body.... Fill in the gaps before moving to the next slide. The answers are at the end of the presentation.

6. Body Systems Identify the organ systems of the body before moving to the next slide.

7. Body Systems The answers are at the end of the presentation.

8. Cell Theory • The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life • Our activity depends on individual and collective activity of cells • Biochemical activities of cells are dictated by subcellular structure • Continuity of life has a cellular basis • Pathology can also have cellular basis

9. What makes up a cell? • Plasma Membrane • Organelles

10. Plasma Membrane • fluid mosaic • phospholipid bilayer • hydrophillic heads • hydrophobic tails • proteins

11. Typical Animal Plasma Membrane • fluidity & order

12. Typical Animal Plasma Membrane • organise the cell into organelles

13. Typical Animal Plasma Membrane • allows the cell to be regionally polarised http://conner.med.miami.edu/web/ALI1-28-2000photshpV4.jpg

14. Polarised? TOP Polarity  BOTTOM Polarity x normal cancer

15. Typical Animal Plasma Membrane • arranges functional groups of proteins, enzymes, receptors, etc that work together

16. Typical Animal Plasma Membrane • allows import/export of biochemicals/drugs/small molecules

17. Functions of Membrane Proteins • Transport • Enzymatic activity • Receptors Figure 3.4.1

18. Functions of Membrane Proteins • Intercellular adhesion • Cell-cell recognition • Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix Figure 3.4.2

19. 30 Second Interlude • 3 functions of cell membranes

20. Typical Animal Plasma Membrane • lipid and protein proportions vary with the cell • fluidity & order • organise the cell into organelles. • allows the cell to be regionally polarised • arranges functional groups of proteins, enzymes, receptors, etc that work together • allows import/export of biochemicals/drugs/small molecules

21. Transport: moving chemicals around the body

22. 3 main ways • Diffusion • Osmosis • Active Transport

23. Diffusion • High concentration to low concentration down a concentration gradient X Y Z Z

24. Diffusion Clip • Watch this embedded video clip to help you consolidate an understanding of diffusion.

25. Osmosis • Must have a selectively permeable membrane Water ^

26. Amoeba Sisters Osmosis Clip • Watch this embedded video clip to help you build an understanding of Osmosis You can click on the word osmosis or on the image below.

27. Active Transport • Low concentration to high concentration up a concentration gradient • Requires energy!

28. ...One example of active transport...Click on the T-shirt picture to take you to an animation about active transport • Sodium/Potassium Pump

29. Cells and Organelles • organise the cell into organelles

30. carry out specialised functions transport structure aerobic respiration to carry out chemical reactions to segregate chemical reactions Why Organelles?

31. Nucleus separated from cytoplasm by nuclear envelope a double membrane structure Contains chromosomal DNA, RNA and proteins DNA as chromatin [DNA + Proteins]

32. Mitochondria Number per cell relates to cell’s energy needs Generate Adenosine Tri-Phosphate [ATP] Energy for…every chemical reaction Have a double membrane Inner fluid = matrix Inner membrane is folded = cristae Electron transport in or on the cristae More on that later... http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plants/images/mitochondria.jpg

33. Ok…what next?

34. What’s YOUR Muddiest Point?

35. 2 Minutes thinking time … • Now that you have gone over the work… • …look at the learning objectives • ….think about which ones you didn’t understand need to review were happy with have any questions about. • Write them down. These are your muddiest points!

36. What Do I Do with My Muddiest Points?

37. Ask your question in the Practical Class Book a tutorial with Marjorie or Steve to ask your question Do some further reading

38. Please recognise you have choices and options. The only one that is NOT recommended is to do NOTHING…

39. Re-cap – what do I need to read and make notes about? • State that the body is organised from cells, tissues, organs and organ systems • Describe the structure and components of a typical cell membrane • Describe the roles of membrane proteins • Identify and describe the different types of transport used by cells • Describe how the sodium/potassium pump works • Identify the role of the nucleus and mitochondria in a typical cell

40. Exam Question Mr Walker is a 63 year old man who has become severely dehydrated after taking part in a duathalon race (run, bike, run). At hospital a clinician suggests immediate rehydration of Mr Walker with water using an IV line directly into his bloodstream. • Explain why this would be very dangerous for Mr Walker’s health. Use ideas about membranes and osmosis in your answer. 9 MARKS

41. Answers

42. cells tissues organs organ systems How to build a body....

43. Body Systems Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Gastrointestinal/Digestive Renal Reproductive (male) Reproductive (female)

44. Exam question answer. Mr Walker’s dehydration will make his blood plasma hypertonic (1 mark). This will cause water (1 mark) to move out of his blood and body cells, through the selectively permeable membranes (1 mark) into his blood plasma (1 mark) by osmosis (1 mark). This will result in the cells becoming hypertonic themselves (1 mark), and mean they may stop working or die (1 mark). Giving Mr Walker water directly into his blood will result in osmosis occurring, and water moving directly into his blood and body cells (1 mark). The cells may burst, because the water has diluted the blood plasma. It means the blood plasma is hypotonic to the cells (1 mark) and water can enter them. This may be fatal for Mr Walker. 9 MARKS