Foreigners

1. Foreigners Emily Kilpatrick and Alexander Volpi Intro to Shakespeare

2. John Hawkins English ship builder, naval administrator, and commander Introduced tobacco to England Fought the Armada Set up English slave trade September 16, 1567 “Lade [load] negroes in Guinea and sell them in the West Indies in truck of [in exchange for] gold, pearls and emeralds” http://image.absoluteastronomy.com/images/encyclopediaimages/j/jo/john_hawkins.jpg

3. Blackamoors and Lascars Blackamoor: Dark skinned Lascar: Sailor/militiaman from South Asia on European ships Fashionable for gentlewomen to have black servents ‘Employees,’ not ‘slaves’ Queen Elizabeth’s proclamation to send blackamoors out of London – Never strictly enforced Preserved fair skin Shakespeare: Went against concept and made Othello black - No political correctness http://www.google.com/imgres?q=16th+century+london+lascars&um=1&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=709&tbm=isch&tbnid=INwm1EAEJBljFM:&imgrefurl=http://www.silsilaproductions.co.uk/The%2520Lascar%2520Project.html&docid=qSBYaidUcsGl3M&w=523&h=378&ei=uNp_TvzhLMqutwedrZjHCQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=436&vpy=176&dur=705&hovh=186&hovw=252&tx=155&ty=100&page=1&tbnh=169&tbnw=208&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0 http://www.google.com/imgres?q=othello&um=1&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=709&tbm=isch&tbnid=CgJmq0025wDHnM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello&docid=ZnBU_pG8cefT1M&w=220&h=277&ei=49p_TovUHMK1twehxoXbCQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=200&vpy=188&dur=341&hovh=164&hovw=131&tx=106&ty=116&page=1&tbnh=151&tbnw=120&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0

4. Tourists Elizabeth’s London by Liza Picard English blamed infections/diseases on tourists French blamed for French Pox Taken advantage of by guards/guides Phrase books – translations from English to Flemish, German, Latin, Italian, Spanish and French

5. Most from Holland, Belgium, northern France and northern Germany England – Tolerably safe for Pope’s protestors Did most of the toilsome, difficult and skillful works Prosperous Jacob Verselyn – Left Murano and revolutionized glass production in England (Soda-ash from seaweed) Queen’s grocer – Spaniard Returned to native country when hostility lessened (French in particular) Immigrants http://www.reformation.org/bart.jpg

6. Immigrants (continued) Citizens complain about foreign merchants and craftsmen Foreigners breaking the law – ‘took up fairest houses in the city,’ and subdivded them or took in illegal lodgers Did not increase England’s wealth England wanted foreigners to teach citizens lagging in new-market opportunities Tortured if necessary to know where they came from - no results http://www.the-peoples-forum.com/images/medieval_water_torture.jpg

7. The 1593 Return of Strangers Sophisticated census -How many foreigners reside? -What nation, profession, origin? -How many servants? -How long living there? -What church they attend? -Employ English people? -Sell prohibited wares? Foreigners must hire as many English people as fellow strangers – Seemed to abide 1593 Return -Total: 7,013 -Strangers: 4,570 (born abroad) -Strangers: 2,443 (born in England) http://www.britannia.com/history/images/londonmap.jpg

8. Naturalisation, Tax and Other Penalties, & Social Organisation Emily Kilpatrick

9. Naturalisation • Foreigners could become English citizens. . .for a price • 2 ways to become a citizen: buy a Patent of Denization from the Crown (very expensive), or get Parliament to grant you citizenship, which cost more money. http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Elizabethan+parilament&nfpr=1&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&biw=1033&bih=576&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi

10. Through Elizabeth’s reign, only 1,762 patents granted and only 12 acts passed. • Most foreigners did not bother trying to become a citizen • Sir Horace Pallavicino became citizen in 1585 so Elizabeth could knight him in 1587 • Biggest advantage of denizen status was that holder could buy land and leave it to children, and they could also join a livery company http://itunes.apple.com/us/book/citizenship-papers/id426373611?mt=11

11. Tax and Other Penalties http://www.purcellmountainfarms.com/Brown%20Teff%20Grain.htm • “Aliens” paid at least two times more than native Londoners whether they had been granted citizenship or not • Hanseatic merchants allowed to live in a self-contained community with unique trading concessions since the twelfth century • By the 16th century their main trade to London was timber, cordage, and grain from north Germany and the Baltic. http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&sugexp=pfwc&cp=26&gs_id=4n&xhr=t&q=Enlgish+citizenship+papers&gs_sm=&gs_upl=&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&biw=1033&bih=576&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi#um=1&hl=en&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=cordage&pbx=1&oq=cordage&aq=f&aqi=g2g-m2&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=7311l8461l0l8770l7l6l0l0l0l0l147l760l1.5l6l0&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&fp=52702837b783598b&biw=1033&bih=576 http://www.strathamnh.gov/Pages/StrathamNH_Assessing/timber

12. 1551, native merchants had brought privileges to an end • Continued to stay at Steelyard and other properties without paying taxes until 1578. • Had to leave country in 1598 • Their complaints brought about standardized weight system for trading in 1582 http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&sugexp=pfwc&cp=26&gs_id=4n&xhr=t&q=Enlgish+citizenship+papers&gs_sm=&gs_upl=&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&biw=1033&bih=576&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi#um=1&hl=en&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=scales&pbx=1&oq=scales&aq=f&aqi=g10&aql=1&gs_sm=e&gs_upl=10799l11437l4l11563l6l4l0l0l0l0l182l182l0.1l4l0&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&fp=52702837b783598b&biw=1033&bih=576

13. Aliens not allowed to have open shops: window(s) had to be covered with a lattice. • By 1587 allowed to take down lattices, but could not display items for sale • Not allowed to take apprentices http://www.history.org/kids/visitUs/colonialPeople/apprentice.cfm http://www.pl.all.biz/en/g29173/

14. Social Organisation • Belonged to one of 2 churches • 1: Dutch church that was once Catholic • Community increased under Elizabeth’s rule from 700 communicates in 2 years after church reopened in 1561 to nearly 2,000 in 1568. • 2: French took over St. Anthony’s Church. • Fewer members: 1,800 in 1568 • French had higher social standing, Dutch had lower social standing • 1592 Flemish workers had over 1,000 English workers and Dutch church complained of harassment • Native Londoners attended parish churches scattered through the city

15. Social Organisation (Cont’d) • In 1570’s Privy Council made existing voluntary arrangements for immigrant communities to settle somewhere besides London • Foreigner’s churches had admirable government: anyone applying to be part of church had to prove he had lived a good life. • Anyone not belonging to a church after 1573 risked banishment http://www.essexwalks.com/walks/woodham_walter.html#page=page-3

16. Both churches run by council of 8 elders (12 after 1571) that kept members under tight control • Couple wanting to marry had to go through strict rules • If opted to marry in an English parish, could not return to French church • Once married, adultery not taken seriously • Church members expected to avoid any appearance of naughtiness • Dancing looked up on as a sin http://www.worcestercathedral.co.uk/index.php?pr=Starstuck_Events

17. Foreign churches looked after their own • If someone was sick, elders checked on them; elders also helped with wills, advice, and loans • Also had “lawyers” (arbitrators) to settle commercial disputes between members • Medical care could be arranged- during plague of 1563, Dutch appointed a surgeon to tend to sick • Both churches had fund-raisers, most contributions came from sympathetic English people http://www.practical-fundraising.com/Church_Fundraising.html