TWO CATEGORIES OF MEMORY

1. TWO CATEGORIES OF MEMORY

2. Outline • Two Categories of Memory • What Makes Explicit and Implicit Memory Different? • Memory encoding • Memory fallibility Reading: • Two categories of memory (p. 485) • What makes explicit and implicit memory different? (p.487)

3. Class Starter question What are the two categories of memory and how are they different?

4. Implicit Memory Test Word group 1: • spring, winter, car, boat • On your paper, write a definition for the following word: • Fall

5. Implicit Memory Test Word group 2: • trip, tumble, run, sun • On your paper, write a definition for the following word: • Fall

6. Implicit Memory Test • An unconscious form of learning takes place when you read the lists of words. • Each group of words activates a different neural circuit. • Each neural circuit is associated with particular definition of the word ‘fall’.

7. Two Categories of Memory • Implicit Memory (unconscious memory) • Subjects demonstrate knowledge, such as a skill, conditioned response, or recalling events • Subjects can’t explicitly retrieve the information (can’t recall exactly when the knowledge was acquired) • Explicit Memory (conscious memory) • Conscious recollection of learning • Subjects can retrieve an item and indicate that they know that the retrieved item is the correct item

8. Gollin figure test • Visual learning • Participants are shown a series of drawings from least to most clear, and are asked to identify the image. • Most people must see several panels before they can identify it. Gollin figure test

9. Gollin figure test • After time, participants identify the image sooner than they did on the first test. • This indicates a memory for the image • Amnesic subjects show improvement on the test even though they do not recall taking the test before. • Thus they have implicit memory but not explicit memory of the task. Gollin figure test

10. Pursuit-Rotor Task • Motor learning • The subject must keep the stylus in contact with the metal disc that is moving in a circular pattern on a turntable. • Most people, including amnesiacs, show significant improvement after a brief period of training • Amnesiacs do not recall having taken the test before

11. Two Categories of Memory • Procedural Memory • Ability to perform a task. • Similar to implicit (unconscious) • Declarative Memory • Ability to recount what one knows, to detail the time, place, and circumstances of events • Similar to explicit (conscious) • Often lost in amnesia

12. What Makes Explicit and Implicit Memory Different?

13. What Makes Explicit and Implicit Memory Different? Explicit and implicit memories are stored by a different set of brain structures. Explicit and implicit memories are also processed differently.

14. p. 487 Draw 2 flow charts to illustrate the difference between: • the bottom-up processing in implicit memories • And the top-down processing in explicit memories

16. Implicit Encoding • Information is encoded in the same way it is perceived • in other words: what you see is what you store. • Implicit information is processed in a “bottom-up”manner (bottom = senses; top = brain) • Implicit encoding happens subconsciously; passively

17. Explicit Encoding • Explicit information is processed in a “top-down”manner • Ex: a mental image of a lost object influences what you ‘see’while you are looking for it. • Explicit encodinghappens consciously, we play an active role in the process

18. Fallibility of Memory Gamestudy the words in list onefrom list 2, identify which words were also on list 1 List 1: read, pages, letters, school, study, reading, stories, sheets, cover, pen, pencil, magazine, paper, words List 2: house, pencil, apple, shoe, book, flag, rock, train, ocean, hill, music, water, glass, school Which words on list 2 were also on list one? Pencil and school, not book!

19. Fallibility of Memory • Both explicit and implicit memories are fallible (capable of making mistakes) Explicit memory • How fast was the car moving when it “smashed” into the other car? • How fast was the car moving when it “bumped” into the other car Implicit memory • Word list game

20. Review Questions • Explain the difference between implicit and explicit memory using an example. • Describe 2 tests used to tests subjects’ implicit memory. • What type of memory do amnesiacs have trouble with? • What is declarative memory and procedural memory? • What makes explicit and implicit memory different? • What is the difference between bottom-up and top-down memory processing? • Give an example of the fallibility of an explicit and implicit memory.