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Discourse on Method [ René Descartes, 1637 ]

Discourse on Method [ René Descartes, 1637 ].

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Discourse on Method [ René Descartes, 1637 ]

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  1. Discourse on Method [René Descartes, 1637] For it is a very remarkable thing that there are no men…so dull and stupid that they cannot put words together…to convey their thoughts…there is no…animal…that can do the same. And this is not because they lack the organs, for we see that magpies and parrots can pronounce words as well as we can…On the other hand…men born deaf and dumb, lacking organs (for) speaking… usually invent…signs by which they make themselves understood...Furthermore, we notice variations among animals of the same species, just as among men, and that some are easier to train than others. It is therefore unbelievable that a monkey or a parrot which was one of the best of its species should not be the equal…of one of the most stupid children… if their soul were not of a wholly different nature from ours.

  2. Sarah Premack (1976)

  3. Lana pushing Lexigrams (Rumbaugh, 1976)

  4. Symbols Used by Lana & Sarah

  5. Symbols Learned By Sarah (Premack, 1976)

  6. COLOR NAMES RED ? APPLEYELLOW ? BANANAReplace ? with color ofRED ? BANANA YELLOW ? APPLEReplace ? with not color of

  7. Skinner(1957) Verbal Behavior. • Language is learned and can be explained by principles of reinforcement theory. • Chomsky (1959) A review of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior. • Language is innate.

  8. “Sentences” Attributed To Chimpanzees “Mary give Sarah banana.” (Sarah)“Please machine give apple.” (Lana)

  9. Pigeon Pecking a 4-item Sequence

  10. American Sign Language

  11. NIM - 4 months

  12. NIM -- 8 months

  13. NIM drawing

  14. NIM washing dishes

  15. Nim looking at a magazine

  16. Teaching Signs By Imitation & Molding

  17. NIM SIGNING drink

  18. Nim signing tickle

  19. NIM SIGNING Apple

  20. Nim signingapple!!!

  21. Nim Signing teeth

  22. Nim signingnose

  23. NIM SIGNING Red

  24. Nim signing red

  25. Nim signing hat

  26. Nim signingNim

  27. Nim signinghug

  28. Nim signingnose

  29. TEACHER: Who?; NIM: NIM

  30. NIM SIGNING, Me hug cat

  31. Nim signing hug

  32. NIM SIGNING,Me hat orHat me NIM SIGNING,Hug Nim orNim hug

  33. Nim signing: tree there

  34. Freq.play me 375me Nim 328tickle me 316eat Nim 302more eat 287me eat 237 Nim eat 209finish hug 187drink Nim 143more tickle 136sorry hug 123 Nim’s Most Frequent Two-Sign Combinations Freq. tickle Nim 107hug Nim 106 more drink 99eat drink 98banana me 97Nim me 89sweet Nim 85me play 81gum eat 79tea drink 77grape eat 74hug me 74banana Nim 73

  35. Freq.play me Nim 81eat me Nim 48eat Nim eat 46tickle me Nim 44grape eat Nim 37banana Nim eat 33Nim me eat 27banana eat Nim 26eat me eat 22me Nim eat 21hug me Nim 20yogurt eat Nim 20 Nim’s Most Frequent 3-sign Expressions Freq. me more eat 19 more eat Nim 19finish hugm Nim 18banana me eat 17Nim eat Nim 17tickle me tickle 17apple me eat 15eat Nim me 15give me eat 15nut Nim nut 15drink me Nim 14hug Nim hug 14play me play 14sweet Nim sweet 14

  36. Freq.eat drink eat drink 15eat Nim eat Nim 7banana Nim banana Nim 5drink Nim drink Nim 5banana eat me Nim 4banana me eat banana 4banana me Nim me 4grape eat Nim eat 4Nim eat Nim eat 4play me Nim play 4 Nim’s Most Frequent 4-sign Expressions Freq. drink eat drink eat 3drink eat me Nim 3eat grape eat Nim 3eat me Nim drink 3grape eat me Nim 3me eat drink more 3me eat me eat 3me gum me gum 3me Nim eat me 3Nim me Nim me 3tickle me Nim play 3

  37. Nim’s Longest Utterance: Give Orange Me Give Eat Orange Me Eat Orange Give Me Eat Orange Give Me You.

  38. TEACHER: Who?; NIM: NIM

  39. NIM SIGNING, Me hug cat

  40. MLU of Children

  41. Set-up for Sherman & Austin

  42. Symbolic Communication Between Sherman & Austin • Chimps are housed in adjacent rooms separated by a covered window. • Both chimps learn to use tools to obtain food (wrench, stick, sponge, key, straw, or money). • One chimpanzee requests a tool using appropriate lexigram. • Look at display panel to see which tool the other chimp selected. • Give other chimp the tool he requested.

  43. Symbolic Communication Between Sherman & Austin (cont’d) • Chimp designated as the requester ( R ) observes experimenter place food in a particular location. Food is retrievable only by using the appropriate tool. • Window is uncovered. • R requests relevant tools from provider (P) by using appropriate lexigram. Display in P’s room indicates which one. • P selects tool and passes it to R through a pipe connecting the two rooms. • If P passes the correct tool, R can obtain food.

  44. Jack and Jill Paradigm (Pigeons) • Jack (left) asks Jill (right) for a color name by pressing the what color? key. • Jill looks through the recessed screen at the hidden color. • Jill selects the symbolic name for the color while Jack watches. • Jack depresses the thank you key. • Jill is rewarded with food if Jack selects the correct color. • Jack is rewarded, with food.

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