Animism Autonomous religion Branch Cosmogony Denomination Diocese Ethnic religion Fundamentalism

1. Key topic/chapter 6…Religion Key Terms: Animism Autonomous religion Branch Cosmogony Denomination Diocese Ethnic religion Fundamentalism Ghetto Hierarchical religion Interfaith boundary Intrafaith boundary Monotheism Pilgrimage Polytheistic religion Religion Sect Secularism Shamanism Syncretism Traditional religion Tribal religion Universalizing religion Zionism

2. APHUG Chapter 6…Religion Religion: a system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of what the culture says you should do. This covers a wide range of things from dress code to what you can and can not eat. Religion takes many forms from worship of the souls of ancestors to the worship of spirits and God or many gods. Secularism: The idea that rules and moral laws should be about life on Earth not about following a religion. Religion doesn’t make the laws. This is a secular high school. Clearwater Catholic is not. Non-secular means heavily controlled by a religion.

4. Samples of religious landscapes:

5. There are a wide variety of religions in the world but most are classified into three categories: Monotheistic (one God), Polytheistic (more than one god), and Animistic which are ancient religions centered on the belief that inanimate objects such as mountains and trees possess spirits. Animistic religions are found among small groups worldwide, they are considered primitive religions and have little if any connection to each other. The four hearths for non-Animistic religions are: 1. The northern shores of the Mediterranean Sea; Where the ancient Greek religion began. 2. South Asia is the birthplace of Hinduism and Buddhism. 3. The Eastern Mediterranean gave rise to Judaism (which leads to Christianity and Islam). 4. Huang He River area in China is the hearth to several Chinese philosophies/religions.(Confucianism, Taoism)

6. Distribution of religions • Universalizing religions • Christianity, Islam, Buddhism. They try to bring in new members to the faith. • Ethnic religions • More than a statement of faith, its more of a culture and way of life. Members are usually born into the faith. Converts are not actively sought. (It’s kind of like a Folk culture) • Judaism, Hinduism, Shinto • Tribal or traditional religions • Animism, shamanism

7. How do Universalizing and Ethnic Religions Differ? • Universalizing • Appeal to people everywhere • Individual founder (prophet) • Message diffused widely (missionaries) • Followers distributed widely. • Holidays based on events in founder’s life. Christmas, Ramadan, Buddha Day • Ethnic • Has meaning in particular place only. • Unknown source. • Content focused on place and landscape of origin. • Followers highly clustered. • Holidays based on local climate and agricultural practice. Hanukah (Chanukah), various Autumn harvest festivals.

8. The Geography of Religion

9. Religious Landscapes • Sacred Structures • Temples / Pagodas • Churches / Basilicas • Mosques • Sacred Sites • mountains • rivers • Caves • Sacred sites: Places with a “sense of place” for the religious group. Cities like Mecca, and Jerusalem, or places like Bear Butte to the Lakota Indians, or rivers like the Ganges to Hindus are all examples of sacred sites.

10. Commonalties of Holy Locations • Structure often dominates landscape with spirals, towers, or roofs • Center of city or village often used for gathering of community • Structure used as a reference point

11. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF A HOLY PLACE? A place of worship and teaching. - Church A space for prayer. - Mosques Buildings to house relics and artifacts or entomb a leader. – Pagodas, Temples & Pyramids A environmental astronomical calendar A destination goal.- pilgrimage Create an environment in the image of God or gods

12. Hinduism: is the oldest of today’s big religions and it ranks 4th in size. The key belief is in Reincarnation. Your soul is forced to live through life after life in search of the true meaning of the world. The soul moves upward or downward according to the behavior of the person. You must pay for any evil you do (bad Karma) and can only go to heaven (Nirvana) when you are born to parents who are both priests (Brahmans) and live a life as a true priest. Hindu’s will not eat any animal that is a mammal. Chicken, fish are ok. Hindu’s believe in one God but that God can take many forms. Much like your view of this room is different from mine but we are in the same room. Shiva, Vishnu, and Brahma are the 3 main Avatar's (projected forms) of their God Hindu’s believe you are born into a class,(Caste) you must marry within your caste and you must stay in that caste throughout that life. The lowest caste are the Untouchables. The highest are the Brahmans. If you try to change your caste you will have to repeat it in your next life. What comes, comes for a reason and you must accept it. Hinduism is a religion of accepting your situation. Hinduism is not a strong religion outside of South Asia (India). As an Ethnic (non-universalizing) religion it doesn’t try to diffuse elsewhere. (Even though it doesn’t try to spread there are still 600 million Hindu’s)

13. Hinduism and the landscape Coastlines and river banks most sacred sites. Varanesi, Ganges River

14. 800 million + adherents primarily in China and S.E. Asia • Originated near modern Nepal around 530 BC by prince Siddhartha Guatama. • Spread originally in India and Sri Lanka by Magadhan Empire (250 BC). • Indian traders brought it to China in 1st century AD. • By 6th century it had lost its hold on India, but was now in Korea and Japan. • Is a universalizing religion Buddhism

15. Four Noble Truths: 1. All living beings must endure suffering.2. Suffering, which is caused by desires (for things), leads to reincarnation. Greed causes pain.3. The goal of existence is to escape from suffering and the endless cycle of reincarnation by means of Nirvana.4. Nirvana is achieved by the Eightfold Path, which includes rightness of understanding, mindfulness, speech, action, livelihood, effort, thought, and concentration. All the world’s suffering comes from greed. Give up greed and you will be happy and reach Nirvana. • Karma - your past bad or good actions determine your progress toward Nirvana through reincarnation. You are your own God.

16. Buddhist Landscapes Thailand Cambodia Tibet Buddhist Stupas

17. Tibetan Landscapes Tibetan Buddhist Prayer Wheels

18. Judaism: This religion is the first to teach the belief in one God. This religion comes from a nomadic tribe known as the Hebrews who lived in the Middle East over 4000 years ago. The 10 commandments, the Old Testament of the Bible and all the stories of Moses, Noah, etc. all come from this religion. • The key difference between Jews and Christians is that Christians accept Jesus as the savoir while the Jews are still waiting for God to send the savior. • Judaism is not a universalizing religion and if found mostly in Israel, N. Europe and the US. • The God of Judaism is the same God for Christians and Muslims.

19. The Middle East is the hearth and Holy Land for 3 of the 5 biggest religions in the world; Judaism, Christianity and Islam.

20. Map of the Ottoman empire before WW1. The Ottoman’s (TURKEY) owned almost all of the Middle East.

22. Jewish Landscapes Western Wall, Jerusalem Masada, Israel

23. Christianity • Over a billion adherents makes it the most practiced Religion in the world. • Originated in Bethlehem (8-4 BC) and Jerusalem (AD 30) with Jesus Christ. • Spread by missionaries and the Roman Empire (Constantine A.D. 313). • It is the most practiced religion in Africa today.

24. Christianity: This religion has its origin in the Jewish faith. The key difference is the belief that Jesus is the savior and followers use the New Testament as the most important part of the Bible. • This is the world’s largest religion and is divided into 3 main branches with many denominations (parts which are well organized with a leadership organization, like the Methodists and Catholics) and sects , ( smaller churches which are on their own without an established organized leadership). • For the first 1000 years of Christianity there was only one branch (Catholic) with the Pope as the head of the church. Starting in 1054 the church began to split into different branches with the Eastern Orthodox splitting with the Catholics. Another split took place with Protestant churches (protesters) breaking away from the Catholics in the late 1400’s. • Christianity is a universalizing religion and works hard to spread.

25. Distribution of Christianity • Largest religion (Over a billion) • Three major branches • Roman Catholic 50% • Protestant 25% • Eastern Orthodox 10% • Others: Pentecostal, Mormon, Armenian, Coptic, Maronites

26. Samples of the 3 key branches of the Christian Church. Each has several denominations: Catholic: Roman Catholic Church, Greek Catholic Church, Armenian Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox: Greek Orthodox Church, Russian Orthodox Church Protestant: Lutheran, Methodist, Baptist, Anglican, Presbyterian. Sects: (Small independent churches without an organized leadership) 1st Church of God, Christ’s Sheppard Church, Mount Carmel Church.

27. Christianity and the landscape: • Church as center of the settlement • Collective worship important • Architecture, layout symbolic • Cemeteries as land use • Churches built to show the power and importance of the church in the community. Often towers over the area.

28. Vermont Paris Sacramento

29. Church of Resurrection Saint Petersburg, Russia St. Basil, Moscow, Russia

30. Saint Peters at the Vatican, Rome Italy

31. Islam: This religion is similar to the Jewish and Christian faith with the same God and much of the same teachings except for those added by the prophet Muhammad. Muhammad was born in Mecca in the late 500’s and raised in the many god belief of that time. As an adult the same God as the Christians and Jews, spoke to Muhammad and told him to begin teaching that there is no other God but God (Allah) and to spread the religion. No religion in history spread as far and as fast as Islam. Today it is the #2 religion in size and is the fastest growing religion in the world. The religion is named Islam. A follower is a Muslim. Key differences-Mohammad added numerous things to the Christian and Jewish beliefs: 1. Go to Mecca 2. Pray 5 times a day. 3. Fast during the holy month of Ramadan 4. Recite the Muslim prayer when you pray. 5. Give to the poor. He also added guidelines for the position and duties of men and women. Islam is a universalizing religion and is the fastest growing of them all.

32. Distribution of Islam: • Fastest growing religion (Over a billion) • Two major branches • Sunni 85% Any person can be a religious Imam (leader). • Shiite 15% Only a relative of Mohammed can be an Imam. • North Africa, SW Asia (the Middle East), Indonesia, and world wide.

33. Diffusion of Islam

34. Prophet:Muhammad Islam Holy Text:Koran • Islamic Calendar • Begins in AD 622 when Muhammad was commanded to Mecca from Medina (Hijra). • Lunar calendar makes Ramadan move through the seasons (30 year cycle - 19 years with 354 days and 11 with 355). • Five Pillars of Islam • There is one God and Muhammad is his messenger. • Prayer five times daily, facing Mecca. • The giving of alms(charity) to the poor. • Fasting during Ramadan for purification and submission. • If body and income allow, a Muslim must make a pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca in his lifetime. Reading the Koran, Brunei

35. Prophet: Muhammad Islam Holy Text: Koran

36. The Muslim Landscape Forbidden by their religion to create any art work showing Mohammed, Muslims put great detail into their designs and decorations. Great giant arches and dome’s are important in their art and design. Great Mosque in Cordoba Spain

37. Sheikh Lotfallah Mosque, Isfahan, Iran

38. The Kabba in Mecca, Saudi Arabia

39. In the part of Jerusalem known as the Old City, three religions rub elbows: Islam’s sacred golden Dome of the Rock is 200 yards from the Christian Church of the Holy Sepulture (top left) and Judaism's holy Western Wall (Lower left).

40. Other large religions/philosophies: Not exactly religions but very important philosophic ways of thought and behavior. Taoism: One of the two big philosophies that began in ancient China. Taoism believes in the need to live in harmony with nature. Taoists believe in things being simple, spontaneous, tenderness, and tranquility. They believe that the best governments are the least governments. All living creatures have spirits to be worshiped. Taoists don’t have one single God. Confucianism: Confucianism is not a religion but is a way of live. It does not preach anything about a heaven, God, or Gods. Confucius taught that service to one’s fellow man was more important than service to any Gods. Study, hard work, dedication to the country, family, emperor and all mankind are the ideas of Confucianism.

41. Sikhism: The newest of all the large religions, Sikhism is a kind of combination of Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam. It believes in one supreme God and reincarnation and Karma. The basic human flaw of self-centeredness can be overcome through proper reverence for God, commitment to hard work, service to humanity, and sharing the fruits of one's labor. Sikhs follow the teachings of 10 guru’s (teachers) who lived from the 1490-1708. Sikhism has no formal priesthood. Private worship at home in the morning and evening is encouraged. Worship services at the temple consist of hymns and prayers, readings from the Holy Granth, sermons, and the sharing of a sort of communion rite at the end of worship and in dinners following the service. Sikhism can best be understood as a mainstream, monotheistic religion with a strong emphasis on ethical behavior, seeing itself as a religion that transcends sectarian traditions. Though found worldwide most followers live in the Indian state of Punjab.

42. The role of Religion in conflicts: Religious beliefs and histories can bitterly divide people and countries. Differences within the religion itself can lead to bitter warfare between members of the same religion. (Protestant and Catholic wars for the 1600’s) • Cult: A cult is a group that claims to be part of the religion, yet denies essential truth(s) of that religion. It’s different from the mainstream beliefs of that religion. • Interfaith boundaries: Boundaries where two different religions meet. Pakistan (Muslim) and India (mostly Hindu) • Greece (Eastern Orthodox Christian) and Turkey (Muslim) • These areas often are areas of conflict. For example: Israel and Palestine • Intrafaith boundaries: Boundaries where two different groups within the same religionmeet. Protestant and Catholic Christian areas. Sunni and Shiite Muslim areas.

43. Interfaith boundaries in Europe: Red-Eastern Orthodox Christian Green-Islam Blue-Catholic Christian Purple-Protestant Christians

44. Are these Interfaith or Intrafaith boundaries?

45. Sunni and Shia Muslims often do not get along well.

46. Religious fundamentalism and extremism: Every religion has its followers who go too far in their zeal to prove their religion is superior (racism?????) Fundamentalism believes that its religious beliefs are nonnegotiable and uncompromiseable. Extremism is fundamentalism carried to the point of violence. World Trade Center, Sept. 11, 2001 Barbie has officially been pulled from Tehran's shelves, as Iran's religious leaders attempt to quash Western cultural influences. (Miguel Villagran/AFP/Getty Images) Iranians looking for Barbie in toy shops this

47. Mali: 6 young people get 100 lashes in Timbuktu: • BAMAKO, Mali 11/29/12 (AP) — Timbuktu residents say that Islamist extremists controlling the city publicly whipped 6 young people, males and females aged between 16 to 22 years, who each received 100 lashes for having talked with each other on the city streets. • AboubacrineYattara, who lives in Timbuktu and witnessed the whippings, told Associated Press over the phone that the young people were arrested last week by the Islamists controlling the city and were convicted Wednesday of co-mingling. (Hanging out together.) He said they were flogged Thursday in Timbuktu's small market. • The head of the Islamist brigade responsible for customs in Timbuktu, Mohamed Ag MossaIntoulou, did not deny the whippings when contacted by AP but said he did not have authorization to speak to the press.

48. Iranian government (Non-secular) is afraid of Barbie. Barbie has officially been pulled from Tehran's shelves, as Iran's religious leaders attempt to quash Western cultural influences.

49. Quiz yourself: • ____________ boundaries are where two different religions meet. • _________ is a system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of what the culture says you should do. • The 3 categories of religions are _________, ___________, and ____________ • In Hinduism and Buddhism _______ is your past bad or good actions which determine your progress toward Nirvana through reincarnation. • ___________ religions try to bring in new members to the faith. Name 3. • ___________ believes that its religious beliefs are nonnegotiable and uncompromiseable. • The religion is known as _______ and a follower is a Muslim. • _______ religion believes the all the world’s suffering comes from greed. • _______ is the fastest growing of all the religions. • This Christian church branch began in the 1054 split with the Catholic church. • _______ is the first to teach the belief in one God. • _______ are places with a “sense of place” for the religious group. • _______ is the belief that rules and moral laws should be about life on Earth not about following a religion. • In which type of religion (universalizing or ethnic) are followers highly clustered.

50. Quiz answers: Interfaith Religion Monotheistic, Polytheistic, Animistic Karma Universalizing, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism Fundamentalist Islam Buddhist Muslim Eastern Orthodox Judaism Sacred places Secular Ethnic