Chapter 28: WWI

1. Chapter 28: WWI Pages 681-690 Primary Sources: Comments of the German Delegation, pgs.381-384

2. “Modern Warfare” Technologies • Trench warfare

3. “Modern Warfare” Technologies • Vickers machine gun

4. “Modern Warfare” Technologies • Mustard gas

5. “Modern Warfare” Technologies • British Mark I tank

6. “Modern Warfare” Technologies • German U-boats

7. “Modern Warfare” Technologies • Fokker E. I

8. Armistice • German commanders agreed to armistice (cease-fire) on November 11, 1918 • German people stunned by sudden loss after it appeared they might win • Military tries to place blame on new civilian government • Many accept myth that Germany had been betrayed by socialist and Jewish politicians • Casualty totals after four years • 10 million dead • 20 million wounded • Post war influenza pandemic spreads from Asia around the globe • War cost hundreds of billions of dollars, destroys cities and farmland

9. Treaty of Versailles • Woodrow Wilson (U.S.), George Clemenceau (France), and David Lloyd George (Britain) meet in Paris at Versailles to determine the outcome/peace of WWI. • France and Britain want to punish Germany by forcing them to take blame for the war and pay reparations. • Wilson proposes Fourteen Points (Really wants a League of Nations) • Germany is not a part of drafting the treaty, and had no opportunity to amend or refuse it. (Humiliated) • Austro-Hungarian empire is dismembered • New nations of Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia created • Poland was reborn and given chunks of what had once been German territory

10. Problems with the Peace • New Russian leaders (Bolsheviks) not invited to the conference • Wartime promises to the Arabs in return for war are forgotten • Britain and France divide Arab heartlands of the Middle East between themselves • China’s pleas for protection against the Japanese occupation of the Shandong peninsula were dismissed • United States never joins the League of Nations, later makes separate peace with Germany • Lays some of the foundations for WWII

11. The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order • Campaigns in Africa, Middle East • Britain draws on colonial resources • Indian production stepped up • Asians, Africans work, serve • Colonies • Indigenous personnel given more opportunity

12. India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj • India, Burma, Indonesia, the Philippines • Nationalist movements • Worldwide patterns • Leadership of Western-educated elite • Charismatic leaders • Nonviolence

13. India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj • India • Indian National Congress, 1885 • Initially loyal to British • Spurred by racism • Builds Indian identity

14. Social Foundations of a Mass Movement • Critique of British rule • Economic privilege for British • Indian army used for British interests • High-paid British officials • Cash crops push out food production

15. The Rise of Militant Nationalism • Hindu/Muslim split • B.G. Tilak • Nationalism above religious concerns • Boycotts of British goods • Bombay regions • Imprisoned

16. The Rise of Militant Nationalism • Hindu communalists • Violent means • Terrorism in Bengal • Morley-Minto reforms, 1909 • More opportunity for Indians (Vote/Local councils)

17. The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle • Loyal to British at start of war • But war casualties and costs mount • Inflation, famine • Promises broken (move to self government) • Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, 1919 • Greater Indian participation in government • Increased power of Indian legislators at all-India level • Provincial administrations of India under their control

18. The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle • Rowlatt Act, 1919 • Civil rights restricted (Press) • Gandhi protests • Mohandas K. Gandhi • Western educated combined with Hindu traditions • Nonviolence (boycotts, strikes, noncooperation, mass demonstrations) • Satyagraha, or truth force

19. Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East • Egyptian nationalism preceded European conquest and domination • Ahmad Orabi- led mutiny of officers against Turkish overlords • Rising, 1882 • Lord Cromer (High commissioner-British) • Reforms (Econ, Bureaucracy, Irrigation, public works) • Benefit upper classes • Journalists predominate • 1890s • Political parties form (three alternatives, but none speak to poor) • Harsh repression • Dinshawi Incident, 1906 • Focuses Egyptian nationalism • British grant constitution, 1913

20. Revolt in Egypt, 1919 • Egypt a British protectorate, 1914 • Martial law to protect Suez Canal • War drains Egyptian resources • Egyptians refused to present at Versailles • Wafd Party • Sa'dZaghlul • British agree to independence • From 1922 • To withdrawal from Canal zone, 1936 • Early regimes • Little progress • [1952, Gamal Abdul Nasser]

21. War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East • Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk, father of the Turks) • Independence by 1923 • Reforms • Westernizing • France, Britain • Promises to former Ottoman subjects • Renege on promises to preserve independence • Occupy former Turkish lands: mandates • Arabs and Jews given conflicting assurances • Balfour Declaration- Promise of Jewish homeland in Palestine • Zionism • World Zionist Organization • Theodore Herzl • Promote Jewish migration and settlement in Palestine

23. The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa • General loyalty • War • Drains resources • Western-educated Africans gain authority • Pan-African movement • Marcus Garvey • W.E.B. Du Bois • Paris • Négritude: literary movement • Sédar Senghor • AiméCésaire • LéonDamas

24. Comments of the German Delegation • What quotes or “comments” from this delegation give you an indication of the anger rising in the German people after the Treaty of Versailles? • Who/what does the German Delegation appeal to for a better solution?