LYMPHATIC & IMMUNE SYSTEM

1. LYMPHATIC & IMMUNE SYSTEM Alexandria Taboas Amber Balda Gissel Perez Jose Gonzalez

2. Abbreviations Terminology • Auto- self • Axillo- armpit • Edema- swelling • -emphraxis- stoppage, obstruction • Immuno- protection, immune • Inguin/o- groin • Lymph/o- lymph • Nod/o- knot • -penia- defiencency • Peri- around • -phylaxis- protection • Sarc/o- flesh • -sepsis- putrefaction • Splen/o- spleen • Tetanto- tetanus • Thym/o- thymus • Tonsill/o- tonsils • Top/o- particular place or area • Ab- antibody • AIDS- acquired immunodeficiency syndrome • ARC- AIDS related complex • ARV- AIDS related virus • EBV- Epstein barr virus • ELISA- anzyme linked immunosorbent assay • HIV- human immunodefiencecy virus • IM- infectious mononucleosis • KS- kaposi sarcoma

3. Main Function • Collects and transports tissues fluids from the intercellular spaces in all the tissues of the body back to the veins in the blood system. The organs filter blood or lymph

4. Parts of lymphatic System • Lymph • Lymph nodes • Lymph vessels • Spleen • Thymus gland • Lymphoid tissue in the intestinal tract • The tonsil

5. Functions • Lymph Nodes- Bean shaped organs, found mostly in neck armpit and groin, they are filled with lymphocytes and acts as a filter to trap bacteria, viruses and other strange substances. • Lymph Fluid- Acts as an intermediary between the blood in the capillaries & the tissue. • Lymph Vessels-Tubular structures in charge of carrying lymph through out your body and transports dietary lipids, tissue fluids, plasma proteins, and lymphocytes

6. Functions Continued… • Spleen-Largest lymphoid organ; two main structural and functional sections that filter the blood for different substances • White pulp- is made up of nodules and follicles; When the lymphocytes enter the circulation of the blood or lymph, their antibodies allow them to destroy pathogens that carry the antigens. • two primary roles, to filter antigens from the circulating blood and to produce lymphocytes (a type of leukocyte). • Red pulp-surrounds the white pulp • red pulp serves as an out of the marrow resource that the body can press into action to produce erythrocytes • filters the blood, outdated, defective, or damaged erythrocytes from circulation. • filters other cellular debris from the blood.

7. Functions Continued… • Thymus- divided into two lobes, lying on either side of the midline of the body, and into subdivisions called lobules; does not have lymphatic vessels; made up of two types of cells: • Reticular cells- form a loose meshwork, as in a lymph node, while the spaces between them are filled with lymphocytes • Lymphocytes-lymphocytes in the thymus is distributed evenly throughout the cortex • T-cells—that are produced in the spleen; they move from the cortex move to the medulla, where they enter the bloodstream through the medullary veins, adding to the lymphocytes seen in the lymphoid organs; they need an accessory cell to activate

8. Functions Continued … • Function of tonsils- to filter contaminated tissue fluid that enters the body through the mouth or nose; five types • 2 palatine;2 lingual;1 pharyngeal Thoracic Duct: The main duct of the lymphatic system, ascending through the thoracic cavity in front of the spinal column and discharging lymph and chyle into the blood through the left subclavian vein.

9. Cell functions • Helper T cells: These cells recognize non-self antigens and produce lymphocytes to stimulate the cells that actually makes the antibodies • B cell: These cells when they take in large antigen they must be stimulated by a helper T cell before they can react to that antigen

10. Diseases: AIDS/HIV • HIV is in the blood and mostly damages helper T-cells • After having HIV for a couple of years the body’s not able to produce as much helper T-cells • AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is a condition in which a person has a pattern infections because the immune system is being destroyed slowly • AIDS begins after HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) • After to years, the virus destroys enough helper T-cells that the people have symptoms of immunodeficiency. • AIDS is diagnosed when the helper T-cells count is below 200 • People with HIV have lymph nodes larger than usual • AIDS can be treated but not cured • Symptoms are: fever, fatigue, rash, headache, joint pain, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes • You can get it by exchanging blood or body fluid, unprotected sex, or direct blood to blood contact

11. Diseases: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia • cancer of the blood cells where bone marrow is replaced with malignant leukemia cells, mostly found in the blood, making the spleen, liver and other organs enlarge • originates from the presence of a genetic abnormality in blood cells called the Philadelphia chromosome and progresses through distinct phases • When a person has CML, too many blood stem cells develop into a type of white blood cell called granulocytes, which are abnormal and never become healthy white blood cells • In the first stages of CML, known as the chronic phase, people show few signs of illness. In the end, millions of abnormal white blood cells collect, preventing production of normal blood cells and blood-clotting platelets. Patients can suffer from infections, anemia, uncontrolled bleeding and other complications that lead to death. • occurs during or after middle age and rarely develops in children. • Bone-marrow or stem-cell transplantation is the only known cure for the disease.

12. Diseases: Diabetes • disease that affects the body's ability to make and use insulin and can result in blindness, heart disease, neurological disease, kidney failure and other conditions. Forms of this can be a result from immune system diseases because of an immune system attacking molecules and self cells. Can be treated but, not cured • type 1 diabetes can develop at any age, it typically appears during childhood or adolescence. Type 2 diabetes, the most common type, can develop at any age and is often preventable. • blood sugar monitoring, insulin and oral medications may play a role in treatment. A pancreas transplant may be an option for people with diabetes that is difficult to control. • Symptoms: • Increased thirst • Frequent urination • Extreme hunger • Unexplained weight loss • Presence of ketones in the urine (ketones are a byproduct of the breakdown of muscle and fat that happens when there's not enough insulin) • Fatigue • Blurred vision • Slow-healing sores • Mild high blood pressure • Frequent infections, such as gum or skin infections and vaginal or bladder infections

13. Diseases • Asthma: inflammatory condition, is the result of an immune system overreacting and is characterized by coughing, chest tightness and breath shortness; can be treated but, not cure. • Crohn’s disease: Caused by over active immune system. inflammatory bowel disease occurs when the immune system attacks the gastrointestinal tract, with diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss and vomiting as symptoms • Mediterranean fever: Caused by over active immune system. hereditary inflammatory disease causing abdominal pain. It usually affects young Armenians, Turks and Sephardic Jews living around the Mediterranean Sea.

14. Career: Immunologist • Responsible for the process and the administration of studies in terms of the growth of disease.  • Study persons response to antibodies or other substances given to it in an effort to ward off or treat illness. • Need a bachelors degree and a doctoral degree • 26,800 a year to $105,000 and beyond 

15. Physician • Four years at a college or university to earn a bachelors degree, usually with a strong emphasis on basic sciences, such as biology, chemistry, and physics; Four years of education at one of the U.S. medical schools  • Insure proper injury care, disease prevention diagnosis, treatment, recovery • Prescribes medication, provides injections, advice on health • $138,991-$224,225

16. Allergy and immunology • Trained in the evaluation, physical and laboratory diagnosis and management of disorders involving the immune system. • Conditions such as asthma, immune deficiency disease, defects in host defense and problems related to autoimmune disease. •  4 years of college; 4 years of medical school; residency training and 2 years in specialty training of allergy and immunology. After examination board certified must be passed • Start at $174,000-$240,000

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