N.S. Lecture 3 – Biochemistry is broken up into 3 parts - this is part 3b

1. N.S. Lecture 3 – Biochemistry is broken up into 3 parts - this is part 3b

2. 33 Hemoglobin carries oxygen Antibodies fight disease PROTEINS PROVIDE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION TO LIFE Fibers clot blood Fibers gives cell’s shape

3. Some foods high in protein 34

4. Proteins are polymers made-up of monomers called amino acids. 35 Protein (polymer) = all blue circles linked together Amino acid (monomer) = each individual blue circle

5. Proteins 36 Amino Acids Dipeptide Polypeptide or Protein

6. SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF AMINO ACIDS • 20 different amino acids • Each amino acid has a different structure • Each amino acid is like a letter in the alphabet • Each letter (amino acid) can be linked with any other letter, in any order, for any length, to make an infinite number of words (proteins) • In English only certain combinations of letters (amino acids) form words (proteins) with meaning. • In living things the proteins (words) determine everything about structure and function of life (language). • Only certain combinations of amino acids produce proteins that have meaning in a specific living thing. 37

7. Alphabet (26 letters): A B C D E F …………..…………….Z Amino Acids (20 different one): AA1 AA2 AA3 AA4 AA5 AA6………………………….AA20 Words (sentence with 35 letters): “I hope that you get an A grade in Natural Science 100” Proteins (hemoglobin with 400 amino acids): AA3-AA2-AA4-AA6-AA1-AA1-……-AA400 amino acids (some used more than once) 38 Amino Acids

8. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 39 These 26 letters can be put together in any order for any length to form an infinite number of words. Only a finite number of the possible words have meaning in the English language JXTRETZ Letters of alphabet assembled for Spanish text have no meaning in English

9. 40 Human DNA 20 different Amino Acids Human DNA assembles human proteins Dog DNA assembles dog proteins Dog DNA

10. 41 These 20 different amino acids are analogous to an alphabet with 20 letters Each letter can be put together in any order, for any length to form an infinite number of proteins (words)

11. Hemoglobin is a protein (like a word) composed of almost 400 amino acids (like letters) 42

12. 43 How do amino acids link to each other? Any car can be linked to any other car in any order for any length

13. Dipeptide (dimer) formation 44 Amino acid A (Monomer A) Amino Acid B (Monomer B) OH HO Dehydration (removal of water) synthesis (uniting) HOH (Monomer A) (Monomer B) Monomer A O Dipeptide (dimer = two monomers)

14. 45 Amino acids (like letters) Green part varies in each amino acid

15. Building more complex R groups is like adding additional parts to the letter I to form the letters L, P, B, D, or T. 46 L P I B T D

16. 47 Elephant x Letters spell word (protein) that means Elephant Changing “e” for “x” does not spell a word that means Elephant (or anything else)

17. 48 Normal structure = normal function Two amino acids are replaced; protein structure and function changes Abnormal structure = abnormal function

18. Hemoglobin is polypeptide made of almost 400 amino acids. 49 Normal RBC Amino acid substitutions that have been found Sickle RBC Amino acid substitutions that result in a disease Amino acid substitutions resulting sickle cell anemia Amino acid substitution (mutation) in hemoglobin results in sickle cell anemia

19. 50 HIV HIV Protein–Protein match up during infection White blood cell HIV (red dots) attacking white blood cell

20. Mad Cow Disease – a infectious protein called a prion destroys the brain tissue of cows. Cows are destroyed because prion is known to jump species from cows to humans 51 Cows dead from mad cow in 1997

21. 52 Neurological changes in brain tissue caused by prions Normal brain tissue (solid) Prion brain tissue (holes)

22. Plants Make all amino acids no essential amino acids 53 Animals make some amino acids cannot make some amino acids – called essential amino acids

23. Green plants 54 Photosynthesis All amino acids

24. Animals must eat plants or other animals to acquire specific essential amino acids 55 Muscles and brains allow animals to acquire food

25. 56 Biologically Important Organic Molecules Hydrocarbons – Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) Carbohydrates – C, H, Oxygen (O) Proteins – C, H, O, Nitrogen (N), Sulfur(S) Lipids – C, H, O Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, Phosphorous (P)

26. 57 Lipids Fat storage cells

27. 58 Fatty acid glycerol Lipids (fats) = polymers made of monomers called fatty acids and glycerol

28. 59 1 2 3 A triglyceride 3 fatty acids 1 glycerol

29. 60 Unsaturated carbon=carbon bond Saturated carbon-carbon bond

30. 61 saturated unsaturated Be able to recognize saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids

31. 62