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CTA Briefing – Ouagadougou, Oct. 1-2, 2010

CTA Briefing – Ouagadougou, Oct. 1-2, 2010. Linkages between Change and Large-Scale International Land Transactions. Madiodio Niasse, ILC Secretariat. The International Land Coalition. Established in mid-1990s as: Popular Coalition to Eradicate Hunger and Poverty , which became ILC in 2003

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CTA Briefing – Ouagadougou, Oct. 1-2, 2010

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  1. CTA Briefing – Ouagadougou, Oct. 1-2, 2010 Linkages between Change and Large-Scale International Land Transactions Madiodio Niasse, ILC Secretariat

  2. The International Land Coalition • Established in mid-1990s as: Popular Coalition to Eradicate Hunger and Poverty, which became ILC in 2003 • A global alliance to promote secure and equitable access to and control over land for the poor; • About 80 member organisations, including IGOs and CSOs (farmers’ organisations, research institutes, NGOs and CBOs); • 20 CSO members in Africa (still growing…) • The phenomenon of large-scale land transactions at the heart of the Coalition’s mandate

  3. I. Understanding the broader global context

  4. Understanding the broader context of current LSLTs Political economy perspective Characteristics of historical eras (Raskin et al. 2002) • Acceleration (each stage shortened by factor of 10 compared to the previous) • Globalisation of the economy  increased throughputs of nat. resources • Weakening of nation-state • Emergence of global governance actors and mechanism

  5. Natural sciences perspective Chemistry, Geology Pleistocene (Ice Age) * Human activity altering the planet on a scale comparable to major geological events (P. Crutzen) Climatology Climate change** ** GHG (human-induced): Key determinant of current and longer term changing climate conditions Profound changes taking place require a paradigm change to understand what is happening to “land

  6. Understanding the broader context of current LSLTs Land The global market The Earth’s natural resources

  7. II. Climate change as driver of LSLTs?

  8. Role of CC/CV in the long-term build-up to LSLTs: case of Sahel and W. A. Structural Adjust. Progs in the Agriculture sector: removal of subsidies to small holder farmers; sharp decrease of ODA & public invest in agr; market deregulation Vulnerability to volatility of internal food market prices

  9. Recent causal links : Biofuels as climate change mitigation measure(1/2) • 1970s: Oil crisis  Rush for responses to oil dependency • Promotion of biofuels: Brazil, US, etc. • Late 1990s: Kyoto Protocol (1997): GHG reduction targets for 2012 • EU Biofuels Directive (2003) • 2006-2007: (a) IPCC’s 4th Assessment Report; (b) Gore: The inconvenient Truth • EU Renewable Energy Directive (2008): 10% Biofuels target for transport by 2020

  10. Recent causal links : Biofuels as climate change mitigation measure(2/2) Climate Security Energy Security BIOFUELS By mid- 2000 : 25 million ha devoted to Biofuels: • Brazil: 8-9 million ha for ethanol (mainly sugar cane) • US: 16 million ha for ethanol (mainly Maize) • EU: 3 million ha (all biofuels, esp. biodiesel from rapeseed, ect.) • Other: exp. Palm oil (Indonesia); Soy (Brazil)

  11. Immediate causal links: Role of climate in the 2007-2007 Food price hikes (1/2) (1) 2007-08. Bad weather conditions  poor harvest in key food exporting countries (Aust, Ukr) • (2) (5) Food price hikes • (3) (6) Freeze/ban of food exports in many countries (4) Record high Oil prices Energy (7) Riots in various big cities in the South (8) GLOBAL RUSH FOR LAND Food

  12. Immediate causal links: Role of climate in the 2007-2007 Food price hikes (2/2) Based on FAO, June 2008. Soaring Food prices. Facts and perspectives..

  13. III. Magnitude and impacts of climate-related LSLTs?

  14. Magnitude of LSLTs and the share of biofuels Share of biofuels in LSLTs: • Pre-rush: 0.5% of cultivated land Rush period: • World Bank: 21% of the reported deals • FoEE: 1/3 of land acquired in Africa • IIED (4 countries): 50% Magnitude of LSLTs: • GRAIN : Wake-up call • Madagascar/Daewoo • IFPRI: 15-20 million ha • World Bank: +40 million ha in less than a year (press reports) Palm oil plantation, Indonesia (FoEE, 2010)

  15. Selected cases of reported LSLA for biofuels in Africa (FoEE, 2010)

  16. Impacts (Subject to controversies) • Reduced dependency on fossil fuel • Potential for mitigating GHG: 2nd and 3rd generation biofuels • Recuperation of degraded land: Jatropha? • Non-land based biofuels: diversified production systems at farm level • Access to an expanding market • Net contributor to GHG emission: 1st generation Biofuels • Food insecurity, especially for the poor • Pressure on water: risks of “water wars” • Evictions and increased landlessness • Risk of proliferation of GMO-based biofuels

  17. IV. Way forward

  18. Improving land & NR governance: focus at national level Strong Governance Weak Governance Obs. The strength of governance: a key factor in the NR’s susceptibility of being swallowed by the global market

  19. Strengthening global citizen engagement & CSR General instruments: GC; EP; IFI’s Accountability mechanims Diamonds Kimberly Process Forest Stewardship Council Forest Wildlife CITES Mining EITI Water WCD / WWF Global governance Obs. CSR & global governance seek to compensate weak governance at national level: Do we have better alternatives?

  20. Addressing the land-based biofuels (1/2) • Invest in climate adaptation: Diversification; agricultural/water infrastructure • Rethink energy security strategies with priority to: • Options with minimal effects on food security: 2nd and 3rd generation biofuels? • Options that do not involve land acquisitions • Strengthen land/NR governance at national/local levels • Consider relevance/effectiveness of global governance mechanisms (CSR, citizen engagement) to guide international investments

  21. Addressing the land-based biofuels (2/2) • Brazil:PNDB (National Prog for Development and Use of Biodiesel): • Establishment of a “Social Fuel Stamp” to involve family farmers in the sector • Biodiesel processing plants to accumulate stamps on basis of raw material (soybean) purchased from small farmers • Stamps  rewards in tax exemptions • Mali-Biocarburant (Jatropha): • Works with +4000 small farmers in 3 regions (contract farming) • Famers’ cooperative (ULSSP) holds 20% of the shares of Mali-Biocarburant

  22. The Case for a multi-stakeholder dialogue Who wins from the “Trench warfare” logic? http://www.gwpda.org/photos/coppermine/thumbnails.php?album=13&page=2 What do we lose in talking/engaging with the other camp? • You need courage to engage in a trench warfare • You also need courage to meet/talk to the other camp • Dialogue idea: a bet on the latter (Ref. presentat. ROPPA)

  23. Thank you ! For more information on ILC: www.landcoalition.org

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