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The Nation State

The Nation State. Ch 23 part III. Reform in Great Britain. Very gradual Reform Act of 1884 Suffrage for all men who paid regular rent or taxes This finally gave the vote to agricultural workers Redistribution Act Divided the voting districts more equally

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The Nation State

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  1. The Nation State Ch 23 part III

  2. Reform in Great Britain • Very gradual • Reform Act of 1884 • Suffrage for all men who paid regular rent or taxes • This finally gave the vote to agricultural workers • Redistribution Act • Divided the voting districts more equally • 1911 the House of Commons members received salaries (now it was open to more than the wealthy) • Ireland • Act of Union 1801 • United English and Irish Parliaments • Irish Nationalist hate British • Gladstone in 1870 • Attempted land reform, but Irish were still being evicted • Led to terrorist activities and force from the British government • Irish Catholics demand independence • Liberals tried to help by introducing more home rule bills • Home Rule Act of 1914 caused Irish Protestants to say NAE!! • WWI distracted everyone

  3. The Third Republic in France Government set up Senate indirectly elected Chamber of Deputies elected (uni. Male) President elected by legislature for 7 year terms Prime Minister responsible to Chamber of Deputies Sides middle class and peasant for a monarchy Catholic clergy and professional army officers not General Georges Boulanger loved by clergy and officers planned revolution, but fled at the last minute Republic even stronger • 2nd empire of Napoleon III destroyed by loss to Prussia • Bismarck forced them to choose next form of government through universal male suffrage • Monarchist win majority in National Assembly • Commune in Paris formed by radical republicans • Commune defended by working class men and women • Women led by teacher, Louise Michel • National Assembly brutally defeated Commune • Legacy = division between classes in France • Wanted a monarchy, but couldn’t decide on who

  4. Spain: King Alfonzo XII • New Constitution • Parliamental government • 2 domestic political groups • Conservative • Liberal • Discontent • Loss of Cuba and the Philippines in the Spanish-American War • Generation of 1898 called for reforms • Leaders tried to expand the electorate • Industrial growth led to workers becoming more radical (socialist and anarchists) • Violence erupts in Barcelona in July 1909 • Nothing solved

  5. Italy • Unified, but weak • South impoverished • North Industrial • Friction between workers and industrialist • Government • Corrupt • unstable • Suffrage • Universal male passed in 1912 • Did not help situation • Ethiopia • Italy is first European state to loose an African colony

  6. Germany • Unified, but divided • Bundesrat represents the 25 states that make up Germany • Independent states • Own king • Post offices • Armies during peace time • Reichstag elected through universal male suffrage, but has no ministerial power • Chancellor responsible to Parliament not, emperor • Emperor controls armed forces and foreign policy • Army and Bismarck kept real political democracy down. • Army mostly Prussian • Saw itself as defender of the monarch and aristocracy • Did not want to be controlled by the Reichstag • Strong loyalty to Emperor • Junkers were officers (middle class officers were chosen carefully

  7. Bismarck vs. Social Democratic Party • Bismarck works to centralize • Common codes of criminal and commercial law • Attack on Catholic church • Bismarck becomes Anti-Socialist • Thought them a danger to Europe • Got Parliament to ban SDP, limit their meetings and public assemblies • They could still have candidates • Social Welfare legislation • Try to woo workers away from SDP • Benefits for the sick, accidents and disabled • Full pension only for those over 70 after 48 years of contribution • No benefits for widows and/or children • Social Democratic Party still grows!!!!

  8. Bismarck’s Kulturkampf:Anti-Catholic Program • Take education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy  civil marriages only recognized. • The Jesuits are expelled from Germany. • The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government.

  9. Bismarck’s ReapproachmentWith the Catholic Church Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII

  10. William II • 1890 finally tired of Bismarck and his repressive plans – fires him

  11. Austria of Austria-Hungary • Constitution • Set up parliament system • Emperor Francis Joseph ignored • Appointed and dismiss officials when parliament was not in session • Problems with minorities • Count Edward von Taafe tried to blend, but made things worse • 1907 universal male suffrage aggravated situation • Prime Minister after 1900 ignored Parliament • “Imperial Emergency Government”

  12. Hungary of Austria - Hungary • Working Parliament dominated harshly by Magyars • Policy of Magyarization • Only “official” language including schools

  13. Russia • Alex III believed reforms were a mistake after the assignation of his father • Secret police expanded • Anyone who disagreed persecuted • Martial law in problem areas • Nicholas II followed in his footsteps

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