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Describe the political system of the US based on the Constitution of the US. COS Standard 4. Chapter 5 Section 2 and 3.
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Describe the political system of the US based on the Constitution of the US COS Standard 4
Chapter 5 Section 2 and 3 Distinguishing personalities, issues, ideologies and compromises related to the Constitutional Convention and the ratification of the Constitution of the US including the role of the Federalist papers.
Personalities • Nationalists • support a stronger central government • George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton • Wanted to revise Articles of Confederation • 12 states sent delegates to Constitutional Convention in 1787
Issues • Edmund Randolph: Virginia Plan • Throw out Articles of Confederation • New national government with power to make laws binding upon the states and to raise its own money through taxes • 3 branches of government • 2 houses • Voters in each state would elect members of the first house, members of the second house would be elected by the first house. • Benefit states with large populations • Number of representatives for each state would reflect the population of that state.
Issues continued • William Paterson: New Jersey Plan • Revise Articles of Confederation • Make central government stronger • One house • States have equal representation • Congress will have power to raise taxes and regulate trade
Issues continued • Congress votes to proceed with mixing the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan • Small states versus Big states: Connecticut Compromise better known as Great Compromise • Problems • Slavery: 3/5 Compromise
Issues continued • 3/5 Compromise • South wanted to count slaves for representation purposes so they would have more representatives in a state, but slaves cannot vote. • North said if slaves are counted for representation purposes then they should be taxed too. • Every five slaves in a state would count as 3 free persons for representation and taxes. • Cannot ban slave trade until 1808 or impose high taxes on slaves.
Issues continued • Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) • House of Representatives is represented according to size of their populations. • Senate would have equal representation. • Voters elect House of Representatives. • State legislators choose senators. • Constitution was approved by Congress, but 9 of the 13 states had to ratify it.
Constitution • Popular sovereignty: rule by the people. • Federalism: divides the government between the federal (national) government and the state government. • Separation of powers: 3 branches of government • Legislative • Executive • Judicial
Legislative Branch • Makes the laws • Congress: Bicameral: House of Representatives and Senate • Can override a veto with 2/3 votes in both houses • Senate approves/rejects presidential appointments • Congress can impeach and remove an official from office
Executive Branch • Enforces the laws • President and Vice President • Powers of President • Proposing legislation • Appointing judges • Putting down rebellions • Veto
Judicial Branch • Interprets the laws • Court system, Supreme Court • Hears cases arising under federal laws and the Constitution
Checks and Balances • If one branch of government gets too much power, then the other branches must check the power and balance the power out equally.
Amendments • Changes to the Constitution • Two step process for amending the Constitution • Proposal • Ratification • 2/3 of both houses of Congress or 2/3 of the states are needed to amend the Constitution • Proposed amendment must be ratified by ¾ of the state legislatures or the states.
Federalists • Support Constitution • Well organized, supported by newspapers • Federalist Papers • 85 essays written in support of Constitution • Writers: James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay • Summarized the arguments for ratification of the Constitution
Antifederalists • Against the Constitution • John Hancock, Patrick Henry, Sam Adams, Edmund Randolph • Wanted a Bill of Rights • Endangers the independence of the states • Negative campaign: no alternative
Ratification • Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia and Connecticut pass quickly. • Massachusetts needs Bill of Rights and an amendment that reserves for the states all powers no specifically granted to the federal government. • Virginia ratifies the Constitution when Bill of Rights are added. • New York agrees when Virginia and New Hampshire ratify the Constitution. • By 1790, all states had ratified the Constitution.