Introduction to Psychological Skills Training

1. C H A P T E R Introduction to PsychologicalSkills Training Introduction to Psychological Skills Training

2. Session Outline What Is Psychological Skills Training (PST) and Why Is It Important? Why Are Psychological Skills Neglected? PST Myths PST Knowledge Base PST Effectiveness (continued)

3. Session Outline Three Phases of PST Who Should Implement PST Programs, When, and for How Long? Designing a PST Program Common Problems in Implementing PST

4. What Is Psychological Skills Training (PST)? Psychological skills training refers to the systematic and consistent practice of mental or psychological skills.

5. Importance in Terms of Time Spent Training Psychological Skills During the season, how long do you spend physicallytraining for competition? ___ Average time spent per day During your season how long do you spend practicing psychological skillsfor competition? ___ Average time spent per day (continued)

6. Importance in Terms of Time Spent Training Psychological Skills How important do you think psychological or mental skills are to your performance and success? (1 = Not important; 10 = Essential)

7. Why Is PSTImportant? Key: Psychological factors account primarily for day-to-day fluctuations in performance.

8. Why Are Psychological Skills Neglected? Lack of knowledge Misunderstandings about psychological skills (e.g., they can’t be learned) Lack of time

9. PST Myths PST is for “problem” athletes only. 1. PST is for “elite” athletes only. 2. PST provides “quick fix” solutions. 3. PST is not useful. 4.

10. PST Knowledge Base Research on elite athletes shows that most successful athletes differ from less successful ones because they have better concentration, higher confidence, more task-oriented thoughts, lower anxiety, (continued)

11. PST Knowledge Base Research on elite athletes shows that most successful athletes differ from less successful ones because they have more positive thoughts and images, and more determination or commitment.

12. PST Knowledge Base Athletes and coaches found the most useful topics to be arousal regulation, imagery and mental preparation, increased motivation and commitment (goal setting), confidence, (continued)

13. PST Knowledge Base Athletes and coaches found the most useful topics to be attention or concentration, self-talk, and mental plans.

14. PST Effectiveness Educationally based psychological skills training enhances sport performance. Intervention must be individualized, employed systematically over time, and multimodal (combining different psychological skills such as imagery, self-talk, and goal setting). (continued)

15. PST Effectiveness Controlled studies on elite athletes, young sport participants, and recreational athletes are needed before more definite conclusions can be reached.

16. Three Phases of PST Educational Phase 1. Psychological skills need to be learned and practiced. Expect improvement as you develop these skills and refine them over time.

17. Three Phases of PST Acquisition Phase 2. Focus on strategies and techniques for learning the different psychological skills. Tailor training programs to meet individual needs. You can provide general information to the group or team, but be specific when developing an individual’s PST program.

18. Three Phases of PST Practice Phase 3. Learning psychological skills should progress from practices and simulations to actual competitions. This phase focuses on automating skills through overlearning, integrating psychological skills, and simulating the skills you want to apply to actual competitions.

19. Implementing PST Programs Who should conduct PST? Sport psychologist or coach When should you implement PST? In the off-season How long should training last? 10 to 15 minutes a day, 3 to 5 days per week Mental training should continue throughout an athlete’s sport participation.

20. Designing a PST Program Discuss your approach. Assess the athlete’s mental skills. Determine which psychological skills to include. Design a PST schedule. Evaluate the program.

21. Performance Profile

22. Characteristics of Effective and Ineffective Sport Psychology Consultants Effective Consultants were accessible and could establish rapport with athletes, were flexible and knowledgeable enough to meet the needs of individual athletes, were likeable and had something very concrete or practical to offer, conducted several follow-up sessions with athletes throughout the season, and were trustworthy and fit in with the team.

23. Characteristics of Effective and Ineffective Sport Psychology Consultants Ineffective Consultants had poor interpersonal skills, lacked sensitivity to the needs of individual athletes, lacked specific psychology knowledge to apply to the sport setting, demonstrated inappropriate application of consulting skills at competitions, and relied on a “canned” approach when implementing psychological skills.

24. Common Problems in Implementing a PST Program Lack of conviction Lack of time Lack of sport knowledge Lack of follow-up