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C H A P T E R

QUIT. 32. C H A P T E R. An Age of Limits. CHAPTER OBJECTIVE. INTERACT WITH HISTORY. TIME LINE. The Nixon Administration. 1. SECTION. MAP. Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall. 2. SECTION. GRAPH. The Ford and Carter Years. 3. SECTION. Environmental Activism. 4. SECTION.

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C H A P T E R

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  1. QUIT 32 C H A P T E R An Age of Limits CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY TIME LINE The Nixon Administration 1 SECTION MAP Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall 2 SECTION GRAPH The Ford and Carter Years 3 SECTION Environmental Activism 4 SECTION VISUAL SUMMARY

  2. CHAPTER OBJECTIVE HOME 32 C H A P T E R An Age of Limits To understand the political, social, and economic events of the 1970s and the Nixon Administration

  3. HOME 32 C H A P T E R An Age of Limits I N T E R A C T W I T H H I S T O R Y The date is August 9, 1974. You are serving your country as an honor guard at the White House. As a member of the military, you’ve always felt patriotic pride in your government. Now the highest officer of that government, President Richard M. Nixon, is stepping down in disgrace. The trust you once placed in your leaders has been broken. In what ways can a president misuse power? Examine the Issues • What are some powers granted to the president? • What systems exist to protect against abuse of power? • How can a president lose or restore the nation’s trust?

  4. TIME LINE 1968Richard M. Nixon is elected president. 1969Astronaut Neil Armstrong becomes the first person to walk on the moon. 1970America celebrates the first Earth Day. 1972Nixon visits China and the Soviet Union. Nixon is reelected. 1972China gives the U.S. two pandas. Terrorists kill eleven Israeli athletes at the XX Olympiad in Munich. 1973War breaks out in the Middle East when seven Arab states attack Israel on Yom Kippur. 1973Energy crisis begins, and gasoline prices soar. 1974Vice President Gerald R. Ford becomes president after the Watergate scandal forces President Nixon to resign. 1976President Jimmy Carter is elected president. Americans celebrate the nation’s bicentennial. HOME 32 C H A P T E R An Age of Limits The United States The World continued . . .

  5. TIME LINE 1977The movie Saturday Night Fever inspires disco fashion. 1978Egyptian and Israeli leaders meet and sign the Camp David Accords with President Carter. 1979Ayatollah Khomeini seizes power in Iran. 1979A nuclear power accident occurs at Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania. HOME 32 C H A P T E R An Age of Limits The United States The World

  6. 1 S E C T I O N The Nixon Administration HOME MAP KEY IDEA President Richard M. Nixon attempts to move the country in a more conservative direction and to ease Cold War tensions throughout the world. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

  7. 1 S E C T I O N The Nixon Administration •Richard M. Nixon •New Federalism •revenue sharing •Southern strategy •stagflation •realpolitik •détente •OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) •Family Assistance Plan •SALT I Treaty HOME MAP OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW American leaders of the early 1970s laid the foundations for the broad conservative base today. President Richard M. Nixon tried to steer the country in a conservative direction and away from federal control. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

  8. 1 S E C T I O N The Nixon Administration ASSESSMENT HOME MAP 1. List the policies of Richard Nixon that promoted change and those that slowed it down. Promoted Change Slowed Change Policies: Policies: Revenue sharing program Impounded federal funds Family Assistance Plan Abolished Office of Economic Opportunity China visit Opposed school busing Soviet Union visit Appointed conservatives to the Supreme Court SALT I Treaty continued . . .

  9. 1 S E C T I O N The Nixon Administration ASSESSMENT HOME MAP 2. What were the effects of the Arab OPEC oil embargo on the United States? ANSWER Increased fuel prices, fuel conservation, inflation, factories and businesses closed continued . . .

  10. 1 S E C T I O N The Nixon Administration ASSESSMENT HOME MAP 3. Why was the timing of Nixon’s foreign policy achievements particularly important? Relate his achievements to other events. ANSWER Nixon’s achievements helped him win reelection in 1972. continued . . .

  11. 1 S E C T I O N The Nixon Administration ASSESSMENT HOME MAP 4. In your opinion, did Nixon’s policy of détente help solve the country’s major foreign policy problems? Think About: •the definition and origin of détente •the effect of détente on U.S. dealings with Communist countries •the effect of détente on the American public ANSWER Yes: improved relations between the Soviet Union and China; enhanced Nixon’s world image; opened up diplomatic and economic relations with the Chinese No: did nothing to help the situation in Vietnam End of Section 1

  12. 2 S E C T I O N Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall HOME GRAPH KEY IDEA Richard Nixon’s involvement in the cover-up of a campaign burglary forces him to resign from office—the only president to do so. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

  13. 2 S E C T I O N Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall •H. R. Haldeman •John Ehrlichman •John Mitchell •impeachment •John Sirica •Watergate •Committee to Reelect the President •Saturday Night Massacre HOME GRAPH OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW President Richard Nixon’s involvement in the Watergate scandal forced him to resign from office. The Watergate scandal raised questions of public trust that still affect how the public and media skeptically view politicians. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

  14. ASSESSMENT Event Event Event Event Event Event HOME GRAPH 2 S E C T I O N Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the key events of the Watergate scandal. May 1973Senate investigates October 1973Saturday Night Massacre August 1974President Nixon resigns. August1974 June1972 June 1972Watergate break-in June 1973John Dean testifies before Senate. July 1974Judiciary committee votes to impeach Nixon. continued . . .

  15. 2 S E C T I O N Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall ASSESSMENT HOME GRAPH 2. If Nixon had admitted to and apologized for the Watergate break-in, how might subsequent events have been different? Think About: •the extent of the cover-up •the impact of the cover-up •Nixon’s public image ANSWER Nixon’s public image would not have been as badly damaged; Americans might have respected him for his honesty; he probably would have lost some of the American people’s trust. continued . . .

  16. 2 S E C T I O N Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall ASSESSMENT HOME GRAPH 3. How did the Watergate scandal create a constitutional crisis? ANSWER During the scandal, Nixon abused his power and obstructed justice. The crisis centered on the issue of how the nation would handle a president’s alleged criminal misconduct. continued . . .

  17. 2 S E C T I O N Watergate: Nixon’s Downfall ASSESSMENT HOME GRAPH 4. Do you think that Nixon would have been forced to resign if the tapes had not existed? ANSWER Yes: There may have been other ways of bringing the pertinent information to light. No: Nixon could have continued to maintain his innocence, and without proper evidence, he would not have been impeached. End of Section 2

  18. 3 S E C T I O N The Ford and Carter Years HOME KEY IDEA In the wake of Watergate, Presidents Ford and Carter try to restore faith in America’s leadership as they battle the worst economic crisis in decades. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

  19. 3 S E C T I O N The Ford and Carter Years •National Energy Act •Gerald R. Ford •Jimmy Carter •human rights •Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini •Camp David Accords HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW The Ford and Carter administrations attempted to remedy the nation’s worst economic crisis in decades. Maintaining a stable national economy has remained a top priority for every president since Ford and Carter. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

  20. ASSESSMENT Event Two Event Four Event Six Event One Event Three Event Five Event Seven HOME 3 S E C T I O N The Ford and Carter Years 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Identify the major events of the Ford and Carter administrations. March 1979Anwar el-Sadat and Begin sign peace treaty. 1975Helsinki Accords signed. Dec. 1979Soviets invade Afghanistan. 1974Ford pardons Nixon. 1977U.S. and Panama sign canal treaties. Nov. 4, 1979Iranians seize U.S. hostages. 1980Almost 14 percent inflation. continued . . .

  21. 3 S E C T I O N The Ford and Carter Years ASSESSMENT HOME 2. Do you think that Ford made a good decision in pardoning Nixon? Explain why or why not. ANSWER Good Decision: Ford needed to prevent the country from enduring a trial and restore confidence in the presidency. Bad Decision: Nixon should have been held accountable; he never publicly admitted guilt. continued . . .

  22. 3 S E C T I O N The Ford and Carter Years ASSESSMENT HOME 3. How were the actions taken by Presidents Ford and Carter to address the country’s economic downturn similar? How did they differ? ANSWER Both emphasized energy conservation and battled Congress; Ford put more emphasis on voluntary citizen action, whereas Carter emphasized government action. continued . . .

  23. 3 S E C T I O N The Ford and Carter Years ASSESSMENT HOME 4. Do you agree with President Carter that human rights concerns should steer U.S. foreign policy? Think About: •the responsibility of promoting human rights •the loss of good relations with certain countries •the collapse of détente with the Soviet Union ANSWER Agree: U.S. has a duty to stand up for human rights. Disagree: Too strict a policy might alienate allies. End of Section 3

  24. 4 S E C T I O N Environmental Activism HOME KEY IDEA Americans, struck by their sense of limitations, begin to address a growing number of environmental concerns. OVERVIEW ASSESSMENT

  25. 4 S E C T I O N Environmental Activism •Rachel Carson •Three Mile Island •Earth Day •environmentalist •Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) HOME OVERVIEW MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW During the 1970s, Americans strengthened their efforts to address the nation’s environmental problems. The nation today continues to struggle to balance environmental concerns with industrial growth. TERMS & NAMES ASSESSMENT

  26. 4 S E C T I O N Environmental Activism ASSESSMENT HOME 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List five events that describe how concern for the environment grew in the United States. People struggle to balance environmental with economic concerns. Rachel Carson publishes Silent Spring, 1962. Concern for the environment grew in the United States. In 1970, the first Earth Day is held. Nixon creates the EPA in 1970. Three Mile Island accident in 1979 raises concerns about nuclear power. continued . . .

  27. 4 S E C T I O N Environmental Activism ASSESSMENT HOME 2. How much should the United States rely on nuclear power as a source of energy? Think About: •the safety of nuclear power •the alternatives to nuclear power •U.S. energy demands ANSWER Supporters may say that nuclear power should be used, since it is cleaner than coal or oil and is plentiful and cheap. Opponents may say that nuclear power is dangerous, nuclear waste is difficult to contain, and the risks outweigh the benefits. End of Section 4

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