Market Interventions: Ceilings & Floors

1. AP Economics University High 2012-2013 Market Interventions: Ceilings & Floors

2. Overview • In a competitive market, price will adjust until quantity supplied equals quantity demanded. • However, sometimes government feels the need to intervene in the market and prevent equilibrium from being reached • Usually done with good intentions in mind • However, interventions result in undesired secondary effects • Interventions usually in the form of price floors or price ceilings

3. Marginal Buyers & Sellers • Marginal buyers: Individuals on demand curve that are not willing/able to pay market price • Marginal suppliers: Firms on supply curve not willing/able to supply at market price

4. Pareto Optimum • “Pareto Optimum” • Optimal level of tradeoff • Not going to get more surplus • Maximizing Efficiency • What happens when you disturb pareto optimum?

5. Price Ceilings • Price Ceiling: A legal maximum on the price at which the good can be sold • Below the equilibrium price if binding • Significant effect • Above the equilibrium price if non-binding • No measurable effect • Which side appears happier?

6. Raise the Roof!

8. 1973 Oil Crisis

9. 1973 Oil Crisis

10. 1973 Oil Crisis

11. 1973 Oil Crisis

12. 1973 Oil Crisis

13. 1973 Oil Crisis

14. 1973 Oil Crisis

15. 1973 Oil Crisis

16. Some other form of rationing mechanism has to step in when price is unable to regulate market • The true price of gasoline, which included both the cash paid and the time spent waiting in line, was often higher than it would have been if the price had not been controlled. • In 1979 the United States fixed the price of gasoline at about $1.00 per gallon. • If the market price had been $1.20, a driver who bought ten gallons would apparently have saved $.20 per gallon, or $2.00. • But if the driver had to wait in line for thirty minutes to buy gasoline, and if her time was worth $8.00 per hour, the real cost to her was $10.00 for the gas and $4.00 for the time, an overall cost of $1.40 per gallon. 

17. Rent Control

18. Rent Control

21. Price Floors • Sets a legal minimum price for a good or service • Binding if ______the equilibrium • Implemented to help ________ • Provides suppliers with a price _______than the original market equilibrium • Price floors, set above the equilibrium price, result in a ____ in the market • Surplus – Quantity supplied exceeds quantity demanded

22. Price Floors

24. Price Floors • Decision to intervene in the market is a normative decision • Why? • Because policy makers are making decisions based on value judgments • Is the benefit to those receiving a higher wage greater than the added cost to society? • Is the benefit of having excess food production greater than the additional costs that are incurred due to the market intervention?

25. Price Floors • A common price floor is the implementation of a minimum wage • Labor market • Firms demand labor • Workers supply labor • If market equilibrium set above equilibrium price for labor, some of those not able to work at original equilibrium price are now willing to supply labor at higher wage • Increase in quantity of labor supplied • Firms must pay more for labor and thus reduce the quantity of labor demanded • The result is a surplus of labor at new price (minimum wage rate) • Price is no longer the rationing mechanism in market • Individuals willing and able to work at or below the minimum wage rate might not be able to get a job