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C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)

C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008). Chapter 4. Shelmerdine Chapter 4. The paradigm of the definite article Masculine nouns of the 1 st declension Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1 st principal part)

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C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)

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  1. C.W. ShelmerdineIntroduction to Greek 2nd edition(Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008) Chapter 4

  2. Shelmerdine Chapter 4 • The paradigm of the definite article • Masculine nouns of the 1st declension • Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • Some uses of the definite article • Verbs taking genitive or dative

  3. Shelmerdine Chapter 4 • The paradigm of the definite article • Masculine nouns of the 1st declension • Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • Some uses of the definite article • Verbs taking genitive or dative

  4. Shelmerdine Chapter 4 • The paradigm of the definite article • Recall the feminine forms of the article: singular Nom. ἡ Gen. τῆς Dat.τῇ Acc.τήν plural Nom. αἱ Gen. τῶν Dat.ταῖς Acc.τάς The vocative never uses a definite article, but ὦ regularly precedes a noun in the vocative.

  5. Shelmerdine Chapter 4 • The paradigm of the definite article • This chapter introduces the masculine forms: singular Nom. ὁ Gen. τοῦ Dat.τῷ Acc.τόν plural Nom. οἱ Gen. τῶν Dat.τοῖς Acc.τούς The vocative never uses a definite article, but ὦ regularly precedes a noun in the vocative.

  6. Shelmerdine Chapter 4 • The paradigm of the definite article • This chapter also shows the neuter forms, which differ from the masculine only in the nominative and accusative (see Chapter 6): singular Nom. τό Gen. τοῦ Dat.τῷ Acc.τό plural Nom. τά Gen. τῶν Dat.τοῖς Acc.τά The vocative never uses a definite article, but ὦ regularly precedes a noun in the vocative.

  7. Shelmerdine Chapter 4 • The paradigm of the definite article • Masculine nouns of the 1st declension • Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • Some uses of the definite article • Verbs taking genitive or dative

  8. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 2. Masculine nouns of the 1st declension • Masculine nouns differ in the singular from feminine nouns in that they use -ης in the nominative, -ου in the genitiveand –αin the vocative. Otherwise, they appear like τιμή“honor.” Hence κριτής“judge” singular Nom. κριτής Gen. κριτοῦ Dat.κριτῇ Acc.κριτήν Voc.κριτά plural Nom. κριταί Gen. κριτῶν Dat.κριταῖς Acc.κριτάς Voc. = Nom.

  9. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 2. Masculine nouns of the 1st declension • Masculine nouns follow the rule that if a stem ends in ε, ι, or ρ, then a longα replaces the η (cf. χώρα“country”), but such nouns are very rare, and νεανίας“young man” is the only such noun in your Core Vocabulary: singular Nom. νεανίας Gen. νεανίου Dat.νεανίᾳ Acc.νεανίαν Voc. νεανία plural Nom. νεανίαι Gen. νεανιῶν Dat.νεανίαις Acc.νεανίας Voc. = Nom.

  10. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 2. Masculine nouns of the 1st declension • Masculine nouns follow exactly the same accent rules as feminine nouns. Accents are persistent and may begin on the antepenult, penult or ultima. • The αin the vocative is short (but theα in the vocative of νεανίας“young man” is long!). • Masculine names in this declension can have different vocative forms.

  11. Shelmerdine Chapter 3 Masculine nouns of the 1st declension • The masculine forms of the definite article will accompany masculine nouns, even though their endings are different: singular ὁκριτής τοῦ κριτοῦ τῷκριτῇ τὸνκριτήν plural οἱκριταί τῶνκριτῶν τοῖςκριταῖς τοὺςκριτάς

  12. Shelmerdine Chapter 4 • The paradigm of the definite article • Masculine nouns of the 1st declension • Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • Some uses of the definite article • Verbs taking genitive or dative

  13. Shelmerdine Chapter 4 parse/parsing • 1st, 2ndor 3RD PERSON • SINGULAR or PLURAL • PRESENT, IMPERFECT, or FUTURE • INDICATIVE • ACTIVE

  14. singular -ον (I) -ες (you) -ε (s/he, it) plural -ομεν (we) -ετε (you, y’all) -ον (they) Shelmerdine Chapter 4 the endings for the imperfect (also known as secondary endings)

  15. Shelmerdine Chapter 4 3. Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • The imperfect (in fact, any secondary tense in the indicative mood) also adds an augment to the beginning of the stem. • This augment appears as an ἐ- attached to the beginning of the stem • Present: λυ- • imperfect: ἐλυ-

  16. singular λύω (I loose) λύεις (you loose) λύει (s/he, it looses) plural λύομεν (we loose) λύετε (you, y’all loose) λύουσι (they loose) Shelmerdine Chapter 4 present tense present stem = λυ

  17. singular ἔλυον ἔλυες ἔλυε plural ἐλύομεν ἐλύετε ἔλυον Shelmerdine Chapter 4 imperfect tense stem = λυ Notice how the accent rules make the accent shift.

  18. Shelmerdine Chapter 4 3. Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • The imperfect tense refers to ongoing or repeated past action. Think of it as action in the past that you see as a moving video in your head.

  19. Shelmerdine Chapter 4 3. Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • English can convey the idea of the imperfect tense in several ways: • “I was going” (standard default translation) • “I used to go” • “I tried to go” (called conative) • “I began to go” (called inchoative)

  20. Shelmerdine Chapter 4 3. Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • Thus you can translate a Greek imperfect verb in several ways: • ὁ νεανίας ἐδίωκε τὴν ἅμιλλαν. • “The young man was pursuing the wagon.” • “The young man used to pursue the wagon.” • “The young man tried to pursue the wagon.” • “The young man began to pursue the wagon.”

  21. Shelmerdine Chapter 4 3. Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • Context and what sounds natural in English should guide your translation: • οἱ πολῖται ἐθεράπευον τὴν θεάν. • “The citizens used to worship the goddess” (but not anymore) • “The citizens were worshiping the goddess” (while something else was happening)

  22. Shelmerdine Chapter 4 3. Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • Context and what sounds natural in English should guide your translation: • οἱ πολῖται ἔπειθον τὸν κριτήν. • “The citizens tried to persuade the judge” (but never did) • “The citizens were busy persuading the judge” (while something else was happening)

  23. Shelmerdine Chapter 4 • The paradigm of the definite article • Masculine nouns of the 1st declension • Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • Some uses of the definite article • Verbs taking genitive or dative

  24. Shelmerdine Chapter 4 4. Some uses of the definite article • Greek uses the article in some places where English does not use “the”: • As a possessive, where the item belongs to the subject: • ἄγει τὴν στρατιάν. • “He leads his army.”

  25. Shelmerdine Chapter 4 4. Some uses of the definite article • Greek uses the article in some places where English does not use “the”: • To indicate a class or type: • οἱ ποιηταὶ παρέχουσι τὴν τιμήν. • “Poets provide honor.”

  26. Shelmerdine Chapter 4 4. Some uses of the definite article • Greek uses the article in some places where English does not use “the”: • with abstract nouns: • ἡ δικαιοσύνη παρέχει τὴν εἰρήνην. • “Justice causes peace.”

  27. Shelmerdine Chapter 4 4. Some uses of the definite article • Greek uses the article in some places where English does not use “the”: • with proper nouns: • ἡ Ἀθήνη. • “Athena” • αἱ Ἀθῆναι. • “Athens”

  28. Shelmerdine Chapter 4 • The paradigm of the definite article • Masculine nouns of the 1st declension • Imperfect active indicative of thematic verbs (1st principal part) • Some uses of the definite article • Verbs taking genitive or dative

  29. Shelmerdine Chapter 4 5. Verbs taking genitive or dative • Unless indicated otherwise, a Greek verb takes its object in the accusative case. Some verbs take other cases, however: • βασιλεύει τῆς χώρας. • “He is king of the country.” • πιστεύουσιτῇ θεᾷ. • “They trust (put their trust in) the goddess.”

  30. Shelmerdine Chapter 4 5. Verbs taking genitive or dative • If a verb takes its object in the genitive or dative, the vocabulary entry will indicate it: • βασιλεύω(+gen.) be king, reign • πιστεύω(+dat.) trust, believe • Otherwise, assume the verb takes its objects in the accusative

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