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Engineering. Engineering, the application of science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to the uses of humankind. ECPD.
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Engineering • Engineering, the application of science to the optimum conversion of the resources of nature to the uses of humankind.
ECPD • The field has been defined by the Engineers Council for Professional Development, in the United States, as the creative application of “scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behavior under specific operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation and safety to life and property.
Engine • The words engine and ingenious are derived from the same Latin root, ingenerare, which means “to create.” The early English verb engine meant “to contrive.”
Natural Resources • Engineers employ two types of natural resources— materials and energy. • Materials are useful because of their properties: their strength, ease of fabrication, lightness, or durability; their ability to insulate or conduct; their chemical, electrical, or acoustical properties. • Important sources of energy include fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, gas), wind, sunlight, falling water, and nuclear fission. Since most resources are limited, the engineer must concern himself with the continual development of new resources as well as the efficient utilization of existing ones.
Scientist & Engineer • The function of the scientist is to know, while that of the engineer is to know and to apply. • Unlike the scientist, the engineer is not free to select the problem that interests him; he must solve problems as they arise; his solution must satisfy conflicting requirements. Usually efficiency costs money; safety adds to complexity; improved performance increases weight. • The engineering solution is the optimum solution, the end result that, taking many factors into account, is most desirable.
Engineering functions • Problem solving is common to all engineering work. The problem may involve quantitative or qualitative factors; it may be physical or economic; it may require abstract mathematics or common sense. Of great importance is the process of creative synthesis or design, putting ideas together to create a new and optimum solution.
Major Functions of all Engineering Branches • Research • Development • Design • Construction • Production • Operation • Management and other functions
Development • Development engineers apply the results of research to useful purposes. Creative application of new knowledge may result in a working model of a new electrical circuit, a chemical process, or an industrial machine.
Design • In designing a structure or a product, the engineer selects methods, specifies materials, and determines shapes to satisfy technical requirements and to meet performance specifications.
Construction • The construction engineer is responsible for preparing the site, determining procedures that will economically and safely yield the desired quality, directing the placement of materials, and organizing the personnel and equipment.
Production • Plant layout and equipment selection are the responsibility of the production engineer, who chooses processes and tools, integrates the flow of materials and components, and provides for testing and inspection.
Operation • The operating engineer controls machines, plants, and organizations providing power, transportation, and communication; determines procedures; and supervises personnel to obtain reliable and economic operation of complex equipment.
Management and other functions • In some countries and industries, engineers analyze customers’ requirements, recommend units to satisfy needs economically, and resolve related problem.
Main Branches of Engineering • Chemical engineering • Civil engineering • Electrical engineering • Mechanical engineering
Chemical Engineering • Chemical Engineering – The application of physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering principles in order to carry out chemical processes on a commercial scale.
Civil Engineering • Civil Engineering – The design and construction of public and private works, such as infrastructure (airports, roads, railways, water supply and treatment etc.), bridges, dams, and buildings.
Electrical Engineering • Electrical Engineering – The design and study of various electrical and electronic systems, such as electrical circuits, generators, motors, electromagnetic/electromechanical devices, electronic devices, electronic circuits, optical fibers, optoelectronic devices, computer systems, telecommunications, instrumentation, controls, and electronics.
Mechanical Engineering • Mechanical Engineering – The design of physical or mechanical systems, such as power and energy systems, aerospace/aircraft products, weapon systems, transportation products engines, compressors, powertrains, kinematic chains, vacuum technology, and vibration isolation equipment.
Other Branches • Beyond these four, sources vary on other main branches. Historically, naval engineering and mining engineering were major branches. Modern fields sometimes included as major branches include aerospace, petroleum, systems, audio engineering, architectural, biosystems, biomedical, industrial, materials science and nuclear engineering
Technology • Definition of technology, according to the American Heritage Science Dictionary, is the use of scientific knowledge to solve practical problems, especially in industry and commerce. • To put it simply, it means that anything that uses information from the field of science and math to solve problems (equations, real-life, programming, etc.) is technology. • Looking at the etymology of the word, it comes from "teknos", a craft, and "logos", knowledge. What the word means is a method of getting something done.
History of engineering • The first engineer known by name and achievement is Imhotep, builder of the Step Pyramid at Ṣaqqārah, Egypt, probably in about 2550 bc. Imhotep’s successors —Egyptian,
History of engineering • Persian, Greek, and Roman—carried civil engineering to remarkable heights on the basis of empirical methods aided by arithmetic, geometry, and a smattering of physical science. The Pharos (lighthouse) of Alexandria
History of engineering • The growth of knowledge of electricity—from Alessandro Volta’s original electric cell of 1800 through the experiments of Michael Faraday and others, culminating in 1872 in the Gramme dynamo and electric motor (named after the Belgian Z.T. Gramme) - led to the development of electrical and electronics engineering
History of engineering • Chemical engineering grew out of the 19th-century proliferation of industrial processes involving chemical reactions in metallurgy, food, textiles, and many other areas. By 1880 the use of chemicals in manufacturing had created an industry whose function was the mass production of chemicals. The design and operation of the plants of this industry became a function of the chemical engineer.
History of engineering • Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1) was the world's first man-made nuclear reactor. CP-1 was built on a rackets court, under the abandoned west stands of the original Alonzo Stagg Field stadium, at the University of Chicago. The first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction was initiated in CP-1 on December 2, 1942.
The Reactor • The reactor was a pile of uranium and graphite blocks, assembled under the supervision of the renowned physicist Enrico Fermi, in collaboration with Leó Szilárd, discoverer of the chain reaction. It contained a critical mass of fissile material, together with control rods, and was built as a part of the Manhattan Project by the University of Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory.
Projects that changed the worldThe Great Pyramids of Giza, Egypt
The Great Pyramids of Giza, Egypt • The three pyramids famous worldwide are located in Egypt, on the outskirts of Cairo. Egyptologists say that these amazing pieces of architecture are approximately 4,500 years old and they are currently considered the oldest monuments constructed in dressed masonry.
The Great Pyramids of Giza, Egypt • The Great Pyramid, the complex’s largest structure, is 756 feet long and 450 feet high. For three millenniums, it was the highest structure in the world. 2,300,000 blocks of stone, each averaging 2 ½ tons in weight were used to raise this fascinating piece of architecture. Although the methods of constructions are still uncertain, it is strongly believed that stones used in construction were quarried in the surrounding areas and then dragged on special created sledges and ramps. Egyptologists estimate that approximately 200,000 people participated in the construction of the Great Pyramid, a record that was achieved only once in our known history.
The Great Wall of China • Originally built to protect the northern territories of China from invasions, the Great Wall has been rebuilt and maintained for more than 16 centuries. The wall stretches for 5,500 miles (8,851 km), including some natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers.
The Great Wall of China • Unlike many other fortifications at that time, bricks and stone were used in the construction of the Great Wall, instead of rammed earth. In the Juyongguan pass, the wall reaches 25.6 feet (7.8 meters) in height and 16.4 feet (5 meters) in width. In some other areas, the wall climbs steep slopes and is completed by watchtowers built up to 3,215 feet (980 meters) above the sea level. It is estimated that while building this amazing fortification, more than 1 million workers lost their lives.
The Colosseum, Rome, Italy • This is the largest amphitheater ever built in the Roman Empire and definitely one of the greatest achievements of Roman engineering. It only took eight years to finish this amazing structure that continues to stand as Rome’s most prestigious symbol for almost 2,000 years now. With a capacity of 50,000, the Colosseum was used for gladiator contests, animal hunts, re-enactments of famous battles and dramas. During the Middle Ages, it was used as a workshop, a fortress, a quarry and even a Christian shrine. Although it was affected by fires, earthquakes and many more forms of natural degradation, the Colosseum is still standing.
The Colosseum, Rome, Italy • Being 615 feet (189 meters) long and 510 feet (156 meters) wide, the outer wall of the Colosseum is estimated to have required at least 100,000 cubic meters of travertine stone. For such a colossal structure, the architects of the Colosseo used access methods similar to those used by the modern stadiums nowadays: more than 80 entrances at ground level were designed and each one was numbered, as was each staircase.
The Trans-Siberian Railway, Russia • This is the longest railway in the world, connecting Moscow with Vladivostok, in the Russian Far East, at the Sea of Japan. It was built in record time from 1891 to 1916, under the rule of Tsar Nicholas II. The Trans-Siberian Railway is 5,753 miles (9,259 kilometers) long, spanning over seven time zones. A train trip from Moscow to Vladivostok now takes eight days to complete.
The Trans-Siberian Railway, Russia • The design of the route took ten years, since this railway was vital for Siberia’s economical development. Still, the project ignored many of the existing cities that demanded transport and many major Siberian cities remained unconnected. The workers involved in the project were mainly Russian soldiers and convicted laborers. The electrification of the line started in 1929 and finalized 80 years later.
The Panama Canal • The Panama Canal is a 48 mile (77 kilometers) long ship canal that connects the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. The canal was built from 1904 to 1914 and it was one of the most difficult engineering projects ever pioneered. The opening of the canal had a tremendous impact upon shipping between the two oceans, since all the boats en route from one ocean to the other did not have to route around the notorious
The Panama Canal • Besides excavating immense volumes of earth, the project involved a serious upgrade of the Panama railway system, so that heavy-duty locomotives and railroad cars could be used to improve the efficiency of the work. During the construction period, the process of moving the land become so well-organized, that at one point 160 loaded dirt trains were used daily – that is one train leaving about every one and a half minutes of the day. More than 60,000,000 pounds (roughly 27,215,500 kilograms) of dynamite was used when constructing the canal.
The Hoover Dam, Arizona/Nevada, USA • The colossal structure is 726 feet (221 meters) high and 1,244 feet (379 meters) long at the top. Also, it is 660 feet (200 meters) thick at the base, narrowing up to 45 feet (14 meters) at the top. For its erection, a new model city was built in the desert, near the dam site (eventually known as Boulder City, Nevada) and a railway was constructed to connect Las Vegas with the new town. Preparations also included the creation of four diversion tunnels, in order to redirect the Colorado River from the construction site. Each tunnel was 56 feet (17 meters) in diameter and their combined length reached 3 miles (5 kilometers). A total of 3,250,000 cubic yards (2,480,000 cubic meters) of concrete and 16,000 people were used to build the Hoover Dam,
Burj Khalifa, Dubai, UAE • This is currently the tallest man-made structure ever built, measuring 2,717 feet (828 meters). The tower’s chief architect was Adrian Smith, while the chief structural engineer position was occupied by Bill Baker. The cost of the whole project raised up to US $1,5 billion and the skyscraper was officially opened on January 4th, 2010.
Burj Khalifa, Dubai, UAE • Burj Khalifa has 163 habitable floors, summing a floor area of 3,331,100 sq feet (309,473 sq meters). The tower has a Y-shaped design, to maximize outward views and inward natural light. The base structure consists of three elements arranged around a central core. For better stability, setbacks occur as the tower reaches toward the sky, creating 27 terraces. The core element emerges into a 4,000 tonnes steel spire, which also houses communications equipment.
