Applied Hydrogeology

1. Applied Hydrogeology Прикладная Гидрогеология Yoram Eckstein, Ph.D. Fulbright Professor 2013/2014 Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk, Russian Federation Spring Semester 2014

2. Useful links • http://www.onlineconversion.com/ • http://www.digitaldutch.com/unitconverter/ • http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/basics.html • http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/pubs.html • http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwaquifer.html • http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/techniques.html • http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/CRT/

3. Applied Hydrogeology II. Hydrologic Cycle

4. Qualitative Hydrologic Cycle

5. Phase diagram of water

6. The Hydrologic Equation The principle of mass conservation inflow = outflow ± change in storage Qin = Qout ± ΔS non-steady state or transient conditions if ΔS = 0 steady state conditions

7. Fluxes in Global Hydrologic Cycle

8. Storage in Global Hydrologic Cycle (in %)

9. Inventory of the World's water reservoirs

10. Inventory of the World's water reservoirs

11. Global values for the major fluxes between reservoirs.

12. Approximate residence time of water found in various reservoirs.

13. Approximate residence time of water in the Caspian Sea.

14. Nubian Sandstone Aquifer -the largest reservoir of “fossil” ground-water

15. Nubian Sandstone Aquifer - the largest reservoir of “fossil” ground-water

16. Nubian Sandstone Aquifer -the largest reservoir of “fossil” ground-water

17. Nubian Sandstone Aquifer -the largest reservoir of “fossil” ground-water

18. Methods of measurements Evaporation http://www.whycos.org/hwrp/guide/chapters/english/original/WMO168_Ed2008_Vol_I_Ch4_Up2008_en.pdf http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/14359/1/wmoevap_271008.pdf

19. Methods of measurements Pan evaporation is a measurement that combines or integrates the effects of several climate elements: temperature, humidity, rain fall, drought dispersion, solar radiation, and wind. Evaporation is greatest on hot, windy, dry, sunny days; and is greatly reduced when clouds block the sun and when air is cool, calm, and humid. Pan evaporation measurements enable farmers and ranchers to understand how much water their crops will need. Pan-Evaporation

20. Methods of measurements An evaporation pan is used to hold water during observations for the determination of the quantity of evaporation at a given location. Such pans are of varying sizes and shapes, the most commonly used being circular or square. The best known of the pans are the "Class A" evaporation pan and the "Sunken Colorado Pan". In Europe, India and South Africa, a Symon's Pan (or sometimes Symon's Tank) is used. Pan-Evaporation • Often the evaporation pans are automated with water level sensors and a small weather station is located nearby.

21. Methods of measurements Evapo-Transpiration Transpiration: The release of water from plant leaves Evapotranspiration is the sum of evaporation from the land surface plus transpiration from plants. Precipitation is the source of all water.

22. Evapo-Transpiration Weighing lysimeters

23. Evapo-Transpiration

24. Methods of measurements Precipitation

25. Methods of measurements Precipitation

26. Methods of measurements dry precipitation

27. Precipitation over a river basin What is the total volume of water that fell over the basin during the specified time period? cm/time

28. Precipitation over a river drainage basin If the rain gauge network would be of uniform density i.e. each gauge would be representative of the same area, then a simple arithmetic average of point-rainfall data for each station would be sufficient to determine the effective uniform depth of precipitation over the drainage basin area. cm/time

29. Precipitation over a river drainage basin Isohyetal method Isohyets – interpolated contour lines

30. Precipitation over a river drainage basin Isohyetal method Effective uniform depth of precipitation = EUDP

31. Precipitation over a river drainage basin Construction of Thiessen polygons (1) triangulation

32. Precipitation over a river drainage basin Construction of Thiessen polygons (2) bisecting the laterals of each triangle

33. Precipitation over a river drainage basin Construction of Thiessen polygons (3) Connecting the bisector into a network of polygons

34. Reading assignment http://content.alterra.wur.nl/Internet/webdocs/ilri-publicaties/publicaties/Pub162/pub162-h4.0.pdf

35. Watershed = drainage basin Major drainage basin Sub-basin (minor drainage basin)

36. Watershed = drainage basin

37. Stream gauging

38. Effluent (or gaining) stream – typical in humid climate zones

39. Perennial (effluent) stream hydrograph

40. Influent (or losing) stream – typical in arid climate zones

41. Ephemeral (influent) stream hydrograph

42. Stream – gaining during rainy season (e.g., monsoon) and loosing during dry season

43. Intermittent stream hydrograph

44. Storm hydrograph components

45. Storm hydrograph components Direct precipitation on the stream channel

46. Storm hydrograph components Surface overland flow

47. Storm hydrograph components Interflow and throughflow

48. Storm hydrograph components Baseflow

49. Baseflow recession on stream hydrograph

50. Multi-year baseflow recession of one stream