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Absolute Monarchs in Europe

Absolute Monarchs in Europe. Setting the Stage…. The end of the Middle Ages saw the development of more powerful European monarchies. As feudalism declined, stronger national kingdoms emerged under the control of absolute rulers. Absolute Monarchs.

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Absolute Monarchs in Europe

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  1. Absolute Monarchs in Europe

  2. Setting the Stage…. • The end of the Middle Ages saw the development of more powerful European monarchies. As feudalism declined, stronger national kingdoms emerged under the control of absolute rulers.

  3. Absolute Monarchs • The 1500-1800sare going to be marked bythe rule of absolute monarchs. • Kings or Queens believed that all the power within their states boundaries rested in their hands. They had complete power. • Their goal was to control every aspect of society. • Believed in the divine right—the idea that Godcreated the monarchy and gave the monarch supreme power.

  4. Monarchies spread throughout Europe • Absolute monarchs are going to become the norm in Europe. • Spanish Empire—Philip II • France—Louis XIV • Russia—Peter the Great • England—Tudor Monarchy

  5. The Spanish Empire The 1500s brought many new changes to European Life. RENAISSANCE- Led to new ideas. EXPLORATION- Europe’s conquest of the Americas will lead to a race for land. REFORMATION- Religious conflicts dominated European politics as Catholic rulers sought to limit Protestantism.

  6. The Spanish Empire • Spainwill emerge in the 1500s as Europe’s greatest power. • King Philip II • Devout Catholic like his father before him. • During 42 year reign he willstrengthenhis monarchy, his nation,and the Catholic Church

  7. France’s Ultimate Monarch • LOUIS XIV “The Sun King” • The kingdom of France was the strongestat the time of Louis XIV. • 23 years old when he took the throne

  8. Absolute Monarchs • The character and policies of Louis XIV, “The Grand Monarch”, would shape the age of absolute monarchs. • He stated “I am the state” • Used his power and wealth to pursue gloryfor himself and for France. • Louis spent a fortune to surround himself with luxury. • Created the Palace of Versailles. • Estimated $2.5 billion in 2003 • Nearly 500 cooks, waiters and servants

  9. Palace of Versailles 15,000 acres of gardens, lawns, and woods; 1,400 fountains; 2000 rooms Main building 500 yards long. It was like a small royal city.

  10. Versailles • At Versailles, Louis XIV held elaborate parties to show the wealth of the crown. • Louis made the court of Versailles the center of French culture. • Louis paid the top playwrights of the day, Moliere and Racine, to perform their works for the French people.

  11. Louis XIV • Louis XIV also purchased many great works of art (Louvre Museum in Paris). • Louis XIV needed more moneyto help finance his throne. • Help came from Jean Baptiste Colbert.

  12. France’s Economic Growth • Colbertserved as Louis XIVfinance minister. • Came up with ideas: • Mercantilism • Prevent wealth from leaving the country. • Wanted France self-sufficient • Imports/ Exports • High tariff on goods from other countries • Balance of Trade • Colonies • Provided raw materials and a market for manufactured goods.

  13. Louis XIV • Louis XIV continued to try to expand his empire through conquests. • Enemies continued to unite to defend themselves. • Louis XIV failedto make any significantgains for France. • Left a mixed legacy • France was a powerful country in Europe • France was considered the military leader of Europe • Negative side – constant warfare and construction of the Palace of Versailles plunged France into staggering debt. • Louis XIV died in 1715 • News of his death prompted rejoicing throughout France.

  14. What about Russia????

  15. Russia: Peter the Great • Peter Romanovbecame known as “Peter the Great” • Became Czar Peter I of Russiain1682, the same year Louis XIV moved into Versailles. • Knew very little about Western Europe

  16. Russia: Peter the Great • Because of their geographic location and the long rule by the Mongol leaders, Russia was cut offculturally fromWestern Europe. • Peter the Greatwas determinedtoendRussia’sisolationfrom the rest of the world. • Peter traveledthrough Europein search of new ideasand culture.

  17. Russia: Peter the Great • Admired everything he saw in Europe. • Improved the status of Women • Agriculture (introduced potatoes) • Started Newspaper (Edited) • Believed education was a key to Russia’s progress.

  18. Russia: Peter the Great • Often Peter the Great fired old leaders, hirednew leaders from the middle/lowclassand grant them lands. • These peoplewere very loyal to Peter. • Created an Army of over 200,000 troops. Hired European Generals to train military.

  19. St. Petersburg • Peter wanted a seaport that would make it easier to travel to the West. • Peter the Great createda greatcity “a great window for Russia to look out at Europe” • Named it St. Petersburg after himself. • St. Petersburg became the new capital.

  20. English Monarchies • During this time period England is also going to be ruled by a string of monarchs. • However, England’s monarchywill differ from the other monarchs of Europe in that it would be limited by the Parliament. • Parliament—a body of representatives that makes laws for a nation.

  21. Under Queen Elizabeth I, England had frequent conflicts with Parliament. • Many of the arguments were over money • By the time she dies in 1603, she had left a huge debt for her successor. • Her cousin James Stuart of Scotland will take over the throne. • She had no children and James Stuart was her nearest relative. • James IandParliament will quickly disagreeover the power of the King. • James Iwantedcompletepower of England

  22. ENGLAND • In 1625, James I died. • The feudwith Parliament continuedto James' son, Charles I when he took the throne.

  23. ENGLAND • Charles Iwould ask Parliament for money. • Mostly for wars against Spain and France. • They refused unless he signed the Petition of Right (No taxes unless OK’d by Parliament, No imprisonment without reason). • He quicklydismissed Parliament and ruledas a monarchfor the next 11years.

  24. ENGLISH CIVIL WAR • 1640, In need of money to finance a war with Scotland, Charles I called on Parliament again. • This time Parliament made peace with Scotland and made laws to limit the King’s power. • Upset, King Charlesled 400 troops to the House of Commons to arrest its leaders

  25. ENGLISH CIVIL WAR • This marked the beginningof the English Civil War. • This war would determinewhere power was in England (King or Parliament)

  26. Royalists/Cavaliers:those that supported theKing, included nobles and Catholics. Ledby King Charles I Roundheads:those that were loyaltoParliament. Puritan townspeople and merchants made up this class. Led byOliver Cromwell ENGLISH CIVIL WAR

  27. ENGLISH CIVIL WAR • Led by Oliver Cromwell, the Roundheads defeated the Cavaliersand captured Charles I. The outcome of the civil war grants powerto Parliament. • In January 1649,KingCharlesIwastriedfor treason and executed. • This marked the first time a monarch had been tried and condemned by his subjects. • Oliver Cromwell took over and abolished the monarchy. He established a republican form of government. • Eventually became a military dictator. • He ruled until his death in 1659. • Parliament asked Prince Charles Stuart to be the new King (Charles I son). • He restored the monarchy and the period of his rule is called Restoration.

  28. ENGLISH CIVIL WAR • Charles II did not push the “Divine Right of Kings” or Catholicism. • Restored some rights of the people. • Following Charles II death, his brother James took over.

  29. ENGLISH CIVIL WAR • King James II took power. • Strong Catholic • England again was split into two sides. 1. Tories (King) 2. Whigs (Parliament)

  30. ENGLISH CIVIL WAR • After much negotiating and maneuvering, both the Whigs and Tories agreed that James II must go. • Mary (daughter of James first wife) and herhusband Williamof Orange took overfor James II. • This bloodless revolution is known as the Glorious Revolution.

  31. ENGLISH CIVIL WAR • William and Mary ruled as joint sovereigns. • Parliamentpresented the new monarchs with a “Bill of Rights”that all future monarchs must follow.

  32. Bill of Rights • The implementation of the Bill of rights changedthe monarchyinto a constitutionalmonarchy—where laws limited the ruler’s power. • Under the Bill of Rights the ruler could NOT: • Suspend Parliament laws • Levy taxes without permission of Parliament • Interfere with freedom of speech in Parliament • Impose penalties on people who start petitions against the king or queen.

  33. ENGLISH CIVIL WAR New Ideasemerged from the Glorious Revolution. • John Lockepublished Two Treaties on Government. • Peoplehaverightsand government is created to protectthose rights. • Life, LibertyandProperty

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