Anna Benbrook Stephanie Demian Joe Esolato Manwant Hans

1. The Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Anna Benbrook Stephanie Demian Joe Esolato Manwant Hans Chapter 17 Heidi-Ann Hebebrand Target: College Students Kimberly Hook Age:18-22 Chelsea Kim

2. The Respiratory System: Built to Breath

3. Lung Structure Supports Function • 1 set of 2 lungs • Elastic with large surface area for gas exchange • Lungs encased in pleural membranes • Pleural sac creates intrapleural space filled with intrapleural fluid • Alveoli provide large surface area for gas exchange

4. Video Demonstration of Respiration Breathing

5. Overall Respiratory System Functions • Bring oxygen into the body • Remove carbon dioxide and other waste gases

6. Inhaling and Exhaling • Inhaling • Brings O2 from the air into the body through the nose and mouth • Use muscles of the diaphragm • Tightens and flattens • Exhaling • Diaphragm relaxes • Pushes air out of lungs

7. Where does the air go once it enters your body?

8. Air Pathway Mouth & Nose Throat (Pharynx & Larynx) Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Respiratory Bronchioles Alveoli Capillaries Inhaling and Exhaling

9. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Exchange • Oxygen: • Moves across alveoli into blood in capillaries to travel throughout the body • Carbon Dioxide: • Moves from blood in capillaries into alveoli • Exhaled out of body

10. What does the brain have to do with it?

11. Inspiration and Expiration • Contraction and relaxation of accessory muscles is controlled by somatic motor neurons in the spinal cord • Motor neuron activity is directly controlled by the respiratory control center in the medulla oblongata

12. Respiratory Control Center • Initial drive to inspire or expire from neurons in the medulla oblongata (“Rhythmicity Area”) • Discharges from some neurons produce inspiration, while discharges from others produce expiration • The Pons also contributes to respiratory control.

13. Pons • Divided into 2 Areas: • Apneustic area • Directly communicates with inspiratory neurons • Located in the rhythmicity area • Acts as the “inspiratory cutoff switch” • Pneumotaxic area • Fine-tunes apneustic activity

14. Input to the Respiratory Control Center • 2 types of input • Neural • Afferent or efferent input that is excited by means other than blood-borne stimuli • Humoral (blood-borne) • The influence of some blood-borne stimuli reaching specialized chemoreceptors • Reacts to the strength of the stimuli sending the appropriate message to the medulla

15. Chemoreceptors • Chemoreceptors are specialized neurons capable of responding to changes in the internal environment • Classified according to their location • Central • Peripheral

16. Central Chemoreceptors • Located in the medulla • Affected by changes in PCO2 and H+ of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) • Increase in PCO2 or H+ of the CSF increases ventilation

17. Peripheral Chemoreceptors • Primary peripheral chemoreceptors located in the aortic arch and the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. • Respond to increases in arterial PCO2 and H+ concentrations • Aortic Bodies: located in the aorta • Carotid Bodies: located in the carotid artery • Sensitive to increased blood K+ levels and decreased arterial PCO2

18. What can go awry?

19. Smoking Complications • Damages and immobilizes lung Cilia • particles collect in airways • Kills white bloods cells • germs thrive easier • Increases risk for cancer, high blood pressure, and elevated levels of cholesterol

20. Pleurisy • Inflammation of the pleura covering the lung and chest cavity • Symptoms: • Shortness of breath • Chest pain while breathing • Dry cough • Fever and chills (depending on the cause)

21. Hypoxia • Body’s tissues not receiving enough O2 • Causes: • Not enough usable O2 in the environment • Blocked/compromised airways • Anemia • Types of blood poison

22. Types of Hypoxia • Histoxic: • Due to an inability of the tissues to utilize O2 • May occur during CO or cyanide poisoning or from other drugs • Stagnant: • Due to poor blood circulation • May occur if a person sits or hangs too long or is exposed to cold temperatures for a long time

23. Asthma • Disease of the airway tissues • Tissues become over sensitive/over reactive to environmental irritations • Airways narrow and allow less or no air in or out • Can be life threatening and require fast medical attention • Treatable with medications

24. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning • Carbon monoxide: colorless, odorless gas • Binds to hemoglobin 200X faster than oxygen. • Symptoms of hypoxia are an indicator • Can cause brain damage and death.

25. Sleep Apnea • Brief interruptions in the respiratory cycle for 10 to 30 seconds at a time • Occurs repetitively during sleep • Deprives the brain of enough oxygen • Keeps person from going in to deep sleep. • Major types: • Obstructive sleep apnea • Central sleep apnea

26. Types of Sleep Apnea • Central sleep apnea • Rare • Malfunction of the central nervous system telling the body to breathe • Obstructive sleep apnea • Most common • Tongue, tonsils, uvula or large amount of fatty tissue in the throat blocking the airway

27. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases • Irreversible lung conditions • Two major diseases: • Emphysema • A lung disease that decreases the elastic properties of the lung • Chronic bronchitis • Inner walls of the respiratory passageways become infected and inflamed.

28. Chronic Bronchitis • Some causes: • Smoke • Disease • Environmental conditions • Symptom: • Coughing up yellowish-gray or green mucus • Risk factors: • Low resistance • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) • Exposure to certain irritants at work

29. Types of Chronic Bronchitis • Acute bronchitis: • Temporary condition--with proper care may return to normal • Chronic bronchitis: • Permanent condition--with proper care, symptoms may be reduced or slowed

30. Emphysema • Reduced volume of air exchange • Lungs can’t expand properly or deflate all the way • Rapid breathing in an attempt to over come the feeling of being short of breath • Worsens over time

31. Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome • Breathing disorder present at birth • Cause: Not enough surfactant to breathe normally • Surfactant : reduces friction between surface tissues when lungs are deflated (makes inspiration easier) • Symptom: Rapid and labored breathing • Risk Factors: Premature birth and/or Diabetic mother • Without medical care, lungs may tire or vital organs may not get enough O2 Treatment

32. The Circulatory System

33. Components of the Circulatory System • Moves nutrients, gases and wastes throughout the body • Consists of: • Heart • Blood vessels Blood Flow

34. The Heart • A muscular pump • Generates blood pressure to move blood throughout the body

35. Blood Vessels • Arteries • Arterioles • Capillaries • Veins • Venules • Function • Distribution of blood

36. Arteries and Arterioles • Arteries • Transport oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood away from the heart • Thick, strong, elastic walls with large diameters • Withstand high pressure • Arterioles • Smaller branch-offs of arteries • Rings of smooth muscle over a single layer of elastic fibers • Change in diameter • Respond to neural and endocrine signals

37. Capillaries • Diffusion zones for exchanges between blood and interstitial fluid • Smallest and thinnest of the blood vessels

38. Veins and Venules • Return O2 and nutrient depleted blood with waste products to the heart • Very thin with almost no muscle • Can distend and serve as blood volume reservoirs (50-60% volume) • Skeletal muscles adjacent to the veins help move blood and valves prevent back flow

39. Blood Flow • Closed system of vessels • Blood contained in the circulatory system • Pumped by the heart around the closed circuit of vessels ("circulations" of the body) • Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins

40. Blood Flow Using High Resolution Vascular Ultrasound • Ultrasound at the brachial artery • Real time-blood flowing to the periphery (red streak) and back (blue streak) • Image determines: • Time to travel to periphery and reach a bifurcation or an occlusion/time to reverse back (usually takes place in milliseconds)

41. Blood Flow Using High Resolution Vascular Ultrasound

42. Pulse Wave Analysis Using Applanation Tonometry • Non-invasive technique • Tonometer (pen-like high-fidelity pressure transducer) placed at the radial artery • Synthesize central aortic blood pressure waveform from the measured radial artery pressure • Calculate amplitude and timing of the wave reflection

43. Pulse Wave Analysis Using Applanation Tonometry

44. Pulse Wave Form Amplitude and timing of the waveform are derived from the equations presented in this picture.

45. Pulse Wave Analysis The Circulatory System

46. What problems can arise?

47. Blood Pressure • Hypertension • Less than 120/80 = Normal • 120-139/80-89 = Pre-Hypertension • 140-159/90-99 = Stage 1 Hypertension • 160+/100+ = Stage 2 Hypertension

48. Factors Affecting Hypertension Smoking Obesity High Salt Diet Genetics/Family History Stress

49. Stroke • “Brain Attack” • Types of Strokes: • Hemorrhagic • Ischemic

50. Factors Affecting Strokes • Diabetes • Smoking • High blood pressure • Lack of exercise • Poor diet