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BIOCHEMISTRY

BIOCHEMISTRY. The chemistry of life. ORGANIC COMPOUND. Contains CARBON and HYDROGEN Ex. C 6 H 12 O 6 is GLUCOSE. INORGANIC COMPOUND. Does NOT contain carbon and hydrogen together. Examples H 2 O = water CO 2 = carbon dioxide. ATOMS. One of the simplest units of matter Made of:

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BIOCHEMISTRY

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  1. BIOCHEMISTRY The chemistry of life

  2. ORGANIC COMPOUND • Contains CARBON and HYDROGEN • Ex. C6H12O6 is GLUCOSE

  3. INORGANIC COMPOUND • Does NOT contain carbon and hydrogen together. • Examples • H2O = water • CO2 = carbon dioxide

  4. ATOMS • One of the simplest units of matter • Made of: • Protons-have a positive charge (+) • Electrons-have a negative charge (-) • Neutrons-have NO charge (0)

  5. ELEMENT • Made of one kind of atom • Examples: • C = Carbon • H = Hydrogen • O = Oxygen • N = Nitrogen

  6. COMPOUND • Two or more atoms, chemically combined and held together by bonds.

  7. FOUR GROUPS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Lipids • Nucleic Acids • All organic molecules are made of C,H,O,N

  8. CARBOHYDRATES • Examples • Bread • Candy • Brownies • Pasta • Rice • Beans • All carbohydrates are made of sugars. (C,H,O)

  9. CARBOHYDRATES • 3 different types of carbohydrates • Monosaccharide • Disaccharides • Polysaccharides

  10. CARBOHYDRATES • Monosaccharides • Made of one sugar • End in –ose • Source of energy • Has chemical formula C6H12O6 • Ratio of H to O is 2:1 • Examples: • Glucose • Fructose • Maltose • Lactose

  11. CARBOHYDRATES • Disaccharide • End in –ose • Ratio of H to O is 2:1 • Consist of 2 sugar molecules • Example: • sucrose

  12. CARBOHYDRATES • Polysaccharides • 3 or more sugars combined • Complex structure • Examples • Cellulose • Starches

  13. HOW ARE MOLECULES COMBINED? • Dehydration Synthesis • The process by which molecules are joined together by removing water.

  14. HOW ARE COMPOUNDS BROKEN DOWN? • Hydrolysis • The process by which compounds are separated from each other by adding water.

  15. PROTEINS • Made of Amino Acids • Always contain C,H,O,N • All structures in an organism are made of proteins. • Proteins make up: • Enzymes • Muscle Tissue • Blood Cells • Cell Growth and Repair • Hormones

  16. PROTEINS • Amino Acids are bonded together with peptide bonds. • 3 Different types • Monopeptide (1 Amino Acid) • Dipeptide (2 Amino Acids) • Polypeptide (3 Amino Acids)

  17. AMINO ACID STRUCTURE • Amino Acids are made of 3 parts: • An amino group • A carboxyl group • An R side chain

  18. Amino Acids • There are 20 types of amino acids • 8 of them are essential • Ex. Tryptophan, Alanine, Arginine, Proline, Serine

  19. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS OF 2 AMINO ACIDS

  20. HYDROLYSIS OF A PROTEIN

  21. LIPIDS • Also called fats, oils and waxes • Organic (made of C, H, O) • No ratio of H to O • Found in all living things • Used for • energy storage • source of energy • insulation • Protection • sub-structure of cell membrane

  22. LIPIDS • Lipids are made of two parts: • Glycerol • 3 Fatty Acids

  23. LIPIDS • Two types of fatty acids • Saturated • Fats that are NOT double bonded and are solid at room temperature • Ex. Butter, bacon grease, Crisco, cheese • Unsaturated • Fats that are double bonded. • Ex. Olive oil, Canola Oil

  24. LIPIDS • In a typical lipid molecule, there are carboxyl groups

  25. NUCLEIC ACIDS • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • Contains genetic information (heredity) • Controls cellular activities • Found in all living things • It is organic (C, H, O, N, P)

  26. NUCLEIC ACIDS • DNA is made of units called nucleotides • Nucleotides consist of: • A phosphate group • A monosaccharide (ribose) • A nitrogenous base (A, T, G, or C)

  27. A NUCLEOTIDE

  28. DNA • Double helix • Bases: • Adenine (A) • Thymine (T) • Guanine (G) • Cytosine (C) • DNA bases are bonded using hydrogen bonds

  29. RNA • Carries genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes, for protein synthesis • Single stranded (NOT double helix) • Smaller than DNA

  30. RNA • Made of nucleotides • Contains sugar, phosphate group and 1 base • Bases in RNA: • Adenine (A) • Uracil (U) • Guanine (G) • Cytosine (C)

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