Transportation & Communication

1. Transportation & Communication Madison Barton Sarah Heller Breanne Lampert Maggie Morrison

2. Transportation p. 601-603

3. The Revolution in Transportation Growth in Industry created a need of transportation for raw materials and manufactured goods. First canals were the major form of transportation but as time went on railroads began to be the major form of transportation.

4. Railroads Railroads originated in the coal minds of Britain. George Stephenson: and English railroad pioneer, inventor, and engineer responsible for some of Britain’s earliest locomotive and rail lines in the 1820-30s.

5. Railroads cont.. Tracks began to be laid in Britain, and in two decades over 6,000 miles of tracks had been put down. By 1850 Berlin, Paris, Vienna, Frankfurt and major cities were linked. Railroads made it easier for those living in the country to work in the city.

8. Steam Engines and Steamships • Steam Engines were easier to use in locomotives than in ships. • By the late 1830’s steamships were replacing clippers on the sea. • Steamships were made out of iron instead of wood. • Steamships were faster and safer.

9. Clipper Ship Steam Ship

10. Roads and Overland Transport • Improvements on the road’s quality was made by 1850. • Post Roads were established between England and Russia. • Post Roads switched out horses. • Post roads were used to send mail. • John McAdam developed a method of road construction, using gravel and broken rock for harder, less muddy roads.

11. Water Transportation • Water transportation was necessary for the transporting of things like raw materials and manufactured goods. • In 1761, the Bridgewater Canal was built to fulfill the task of carrying coal by barge to Manchester. • The Bridgewater canal’s success was what inspired the Erie Canal in New York State. • When it was completed in 1825, it connected the Hudson River and Lake Erie which opened the American interior to overseas commerce. • Even Russia improved its canal, the Moscow-Petersburg canal, in 1808. • It linked the Vistula, Bug, and Dnieper Rivers by canal in 1841. This allowed goods to be transported by water from the Baltic to the Black sea.

12. Communication p. 661-662

13. Telegraph • The telegraph was invented in the United States in the late 1830’s. • At the end of the 19th century all continents were connected by underwater cable. So a message could go from London to Johannesburg to Calcutta to Sydney to Vancouver in a matter of minutes. • Telegraphs were sent using Morse code. • To translate a telegraph you had to gave a skilled operator who could translate the dots and dashes into words. • The telegraph had a huge impact on government, industry, and private life. • For example, it allowed the tsar in St. Petersburg to check up on governors in distant Kamchatka or Tashkent, businessmen to keep in touch with offices abroad, or ordinary people to contact loved ones, though usually only in emergencies because of the high cost.

14. Telephone In, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell perfected a device that carried not just electrical impulses but actual sounds over a wire: the telephone. This was a major step up from the telegraph because it allowed a direct link from person to person. But provided the expense, only the wealthy could afford the new invention. By 1900, telephone exchanges had been set up throughout Europe and North America, from London to Moscow, Berlin to Los Angeles. It was not only used for conversation but also allowed people to hear things such as news and musical performances.

15. Radio In the 1890s the radio was invented. Now instead of listening to the news or musical performances on the telephone people were able to hear these broadcasts on the radio. It was perfected by Guglielmo Marconi, an Italian physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1909. In 1899, the first distress signal from a ship at sea was sent. But it was not a household appliance until the 1920s or later.

16. New Routes • Britain to India • Suez Canal was an artificial waterway that connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean. It was built by the British and French and opened in 1869. • Pacific to Atlantic • Panama Canal was an artificial waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It was built from 1904 to 1914 by American military engineers.