Advanced English

1. Advanced English Lesson One Face to Face with Hurricane Camille

2. LESSON ONE

3. Aims • To know the writing technique of a narrative. • To be acquainted with some literary terms • To learn to use words to describe disasters and violence • To appreciate the language features • To learn to write a story about disasters.

4. Teaching Contents • Pre-reading questions • Background • Text study • The literary style and terms of narration • Language points • Comprehension Questions • Text Analysis and Appreciation • Exercises • Tasks After Class

5. Pre-reading questions 1. What types/styles of writing do you know? Explain them briefly. 2. What is narration? How is a piece of narration developed? What elements are basically necessary in a narrative writing? 3. What is Hurricane? What other related terms do you know?

6. Background • Hurricane:a tropical storm in which winds attain speeds greater than 75 miles (121 kilometers) per hour. The term is often restricted to those storms occurring over the North Atlantic Ocean. Incipient hurricanes usually form over the tropical N Atlantic Ocean and mature as they drift westward. Hurricanes also occasionally form off the west coast of Mexico and move northeastward from that area. An average of 3. 5 tropical storms per year eventually mature into hurricanes along the east coast of North America, usually over the Caribbean Sea or Gulf of Mexico.

7. Background Hurricanes are given girls' names. The National Weather Service of the United States has used girls' names to identify hurricanes in the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico since 1953 and the names were given in alphabetical order. A semi-permanent list of 10 sets of names in alphabetical order was established in 1971. This practice of giving girls' names to hurricanes changed recently. In 1980 a hurricane was given a man's name and was called Hurricane David. Hurricane sea­son begins June 1 and ends Nov. 30.

9. The track of hurricane Camille

10. Background • Hurricane Camille:The storm lashed Mississippi and Louisiana for two days, Aug. 17 - 18, in 1969. The death toll was 258. • Hurricane Betsy:The- storm lashed Florida, Mississippi and Louisiana in 1965 from Sept. 7 - 10, causing the death of 74 persons.

11. Background • Salvation Army:Protestant denomination and international non­sectarian Christian organization for evangelical (福音的) and philanthropic (慈善的) work. It was founded by William Booth, with the assistance of his wife Catherine Booth. The movement, begun in 1865, was originally known as the East London Revival Society, shortly re­named the Christian Mission, and finally in 1878 designated the Salvation Army. A military form of organization, with uniforms and other distinctive features, was adopted in the interest of a more effective "warfare against evil." The organization

12. Background has es­tablished branches in more than 75 countries throughout the world. Each country has its divisions and local corps, with a commander at the head of all. International headquarters are in London. The army operates hospitals, community centers, alcoholic and drug rehabilitation (恢复) programs, emergency and disaster services, social work centers and recreation facilities. Support of the vast undertakings in all parts of the world depends upon voluntary contributions and profits from the sale of publications.

13. Background • Red Cross:international organization concerned with the alleviation of human suffering and the promotion of public health. The creation of the agency was spurred by Jean Henry Dunant (1878- 1910). Dunant, a Swiss citizen, urged the formation of voluntary aid societies for relief of war victims. He also asked that service to military sick and wounded be neutral. The Society genovoise d'utilite publique, a Swiss welfare agency, actively seconded Dunant's suggestion, the result being the formation ( 1863) of the organization that is today known as the International Committee of the Red Cross.

14. Background The next year, delegates from 16 nations met in Switzerland and the Geneva Convention of 1864 for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick of Armies in the Field was adopted and signed by 12 of the nations represented. It provided for the neutrality of the personnel of the medical services of armed forces, the humane treatment of wounded, the neutrality of civilians who voluntarily assisted them, and the use of an international emblem to mark medical personnel and supplies.

15. Background In honor of Dunant's nationality a red cross on a white background -- the Swiss flag with colors reversed -- was chosen as the symbol (which in Moslem areas is replaced by a red crescent and in Iran by a red lion and sun). Today there are national Red Cross societies in over 100 countries of the world, each a self-governing organization, and two international groups with headquarters in Geneva: the International Committee of the Red Cross and the League of Red Cross Societies. The blanket agency for all Red Cross group is known as the International Red Cross,

16. Lesson One Theme ---- man vs nature

17. Text study • The literary style and terms of narration • Language points • Comprehension Questions • Text Analysis and Appreciation

18. The literary style Narration A piece of narration is mainly developed in the actual time sequence – chronological development. The writer tells the readers what happens first, what next.Narration is concerned with action, with life in motion, with a meaningful series of actions.

19. The literary style It goes around people called characters in some kind of struggle or conflict against other people, nature, society or themselves. The actions, that is, incidents and events are generally presented in order of their occurrence, following the natural time sequence of the happenings (chronological order).

20. The literary style As the conflict develops, suspense and tension increase until the highest point or the climax of the struggle is reached. After the climax, the story quickly moves to a conclusion, which is sometimes called a denouement. Action (lot) usually dominates narration; however, some narratives focus on character, theme (the idea behind the story), or atmosphere (the mood or tone).

21. The literary style narration -- story tellingextended narration -- novels histories biographies autobiographies travelogues

22. The Literary terms The essentials of narration:1. characters2. plotA good story has a beginning, a middle, an end, even though it may start in the middle or at some other point in the action and move backward to the earlier happenings.

23. The Literary terms Characterization The process by which a writer presents the personal traits of the people in a story. Through characterization, writers make clear what the characters in their stories are like. Writers commonly use five methods of characterization: 1) they show their characters in action; 2) they tell what the characters say; 3) they give a physical description of the characters; 4) they tell how others react to the characters; 5) they state directly what the characters are like.

24. The Literary terms Protagonist The central character in a story, the one upon whom the action centers. The protagonist faces a problem and must undergo some conflict* to solve it. The protagonist is opposed by an antagonist, * which may be a person, or some force of nature, or even a flaw in the protagonist's personality.

25. The Literary terms Antagonist The character or force that opposes the protagonist,* who is the central character in a story. In a few stories, the antagonist is not a person, but an animal or a force, such as a storm or a weakness of character, that the protagonist is trying to overcome.

26. The Literary terms Setting The place and the time in which a story happens. In some stories the setting is very important; it may actually determine what happens. Setting can also be used to create atmosphere or mood: in Jack London's "To Build a Fire," the frozen Yukon setting creates an atmosphere of bleakness and hostility.

27. The Literary terms Plot The plot is an account of the conflict* that takes place between the antagonist and the protagonist. What happens in a story. Plot consists of a series of related events that are brought to some kind of conclusion. Most plots contain the following elements: a problem to be solved; a conflict;* suspense;* and a climax.*

28. The Literary terms Conflict The struggle between opposing forces that is the basis of all of our stories. Usually the conflict is between two persons, but it may be between a person and a natural force, such as a flood, or between a person and society, or between a person and a weakness in that person's character. A conflict is external when it takes place between a character and some outside force. A conflict is internal when it takes place within a character's own mind or feelings. There often may be more than one kind of conflict in a story.

29. The Literary terms • Protagonist --Antagonist • Man nature • Man man • Man himself • Face to face with • Hurricane Camille /typhoon/volcano/earthquake/ • Pollution/global warming/population explosion/disease/ • Nuclear weapon/warfare/energy exhaustion/economic crises/ Neighbors, friends,wife and husband, brother and sister, parents and children …

30. The Literary terms Suspense a state of uncertainty Climax The point in a story when we find out whether or not the protagonist* has won the conflict.* The climax is usually the moment of greatest suspense and interest in a story.

31. The Literary terms Denouement It is the ending or the conclusion of the story. After the climax, when all the conflicts are settled, the story quickly moves to a conclusion, which is called a denouement.

32. The Literary terms Theme The main idea in a story. The theme of a story usually is an idea about life or about people. Writers sometimes state the story's theme outright, but more often they simply tell the story and let the reader discover the theme. It is important to understand the difference between theme and plot.* Theme is an idea revealed by the events of the story; plot is simply what happens in a story.

33. The Literary terms Point of view The vantage point from which a story is told. When a story is told by a character in the story, it is told from the first-person point of view. The character telling such a story uses the pronoun I, which in grammar is called the first-person pronoun. A narrator using the first person can tell us only what he or she can hear and see as a character in the story. When a story is told by the writer as an outsider, it is told from the third-person point of view. Such a story­teller is not limited, but knows everything. Hence, the third-person point of view is sometimes called the omniscient point of view.

34. The Literary terms Interposition A passage which is put between the action. The purpose is to add more information and to create suspense.

35. The Literary terms FlashbackThe Interruption of chronological sequence by interjection of event of earlier occurrence.

36. climax falling action denouement rising action conflict beginning suspense ending

37. Language Points 1. Hurricane and other terms of wind hurricane --1. strong tropical storm2. strong fast wind which speeds more than 75 mph3. western Atlantic Ocean4. given a girl's name; named alphabetically / ordered according to the initial letter

38. Language Points typhoon --1. Western Pacific Ocean or China Sea2. numbered

39. Language Points whirlwind – a general term/ circular wind tornado– visible as a tube-shaped cloud of dust which moves in a relatively narrow path can be devastating in its destructiveness cyclone– a vortex, usually hundreds of miles in diameter; over the Indian Ocean

40. Language Points Gale -- a general term for a very strong wind capable of doing considerable damage to property

41. Language Points Tsunami a wave train, or series of waves, generated in a body of water by an impulsive disturbance that vertically displaces the water column. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, explosions, and even the impact of cosmic bodies, such as meteorites, can generate tsunamis. Tsunamis can savagely attack coastlines, causing devastating property damage and loss of life.

42. the Beaufort scale the Beaufort scale，蒲福风力等级(英国海军将领Francis Beaufort [1774-1857]拟订,分0-12级), defines wind as: 0 clam breeze 0 1 light breeze 1--3 mph 2 slight breeze 4--7 3 gentle breeze 8--12 4 moderate breeze 13—18 5 fresh breeze 19—24

43. the Beaufort scale 6 strong breeze 25--31 7 moderate gale 32--38 8 fresh gale 39--46 9 strong gale 47--54 10 whole gale 55--63 11 storm 64--75 12 hurricane over 75

44. Language Points 2. Face to Face with Hurricane Camille: All headings and titles are generally succinct and particular care is given to the choice of words. The aim is to present the article, story, etc. as vividly and as forcefully as possible to attract the attention of would-be readers.

45. Language Points face to face: confronting one another, connoting a sense of urgency and danger. The confrontation is generally with something dangerous, difficult or hard to resolve. e.g. face to face with the enemy face to face with the tiger face to face with the problem

46. Language Points • Analyse paragraph 1. • Does it have a topic sentence, a central idea? • How is the paragraph developed? • What is the function of the last sentence?

47. Language Points • The topic sentence -- "John Koshak, Jr., knew that Hurricane Camille would be bad." • This idea is developed or supported by facts or reasons showing how John Koshak, Jr., knew that Hurricane Camille would be bad． • The last sentence introduces some other characters in the story and serves as a transition to the next important point in the story -- why John Koshak Jr. decided not to abandon his home．

48. Language Points • Skim through the text and see how you can divide the first part. -- Para.1- Para.6 • What is the main idea? -- Knowing hurricane Camille would be bad and still reluctant to abandon their home, the Koshaks were preparing for the hurricane.

49. Language Points 3. John Koshak, Jr: Jr.: the abbreviation of junior. Sr.: (senior) is sometimes put after the name of the father. If the name continues into the third generation, Roman numerals (I. II. III. etc.) are used, mainly among big, rich, tipper class families, e. g. John Rockefeller I / John Rockefeller II / John Rockefeller III

50. Language Points 4. Radio and television warnings ... The weather report on Aug. 17: The weather forecast says "cloudy" today, with a strong wind from the northwest, grade five to six on the Beaufort Scale. The lowest temperature during the daytime will be eight degrees centigrade below zero.