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THE ATMOSPHERE : LAYER OF GASES HELD BY GRAVITY AROUND EARTH

earth science ch. 15. THE ATMOSPHERE : LAYER OF GASES HELD BY GRAVITY AROUND EARTH WEATHER: CONDITION OF ATMOSPHERE AT A GIVEN TIME INCLUDE CLOUDS, PRECIPITATION, WIND, TEMP AND AIR PRESSURE CLIMATE : AVERAGE YEARLY WEATHER OVER AN EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME

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THE ATMOSPHERE : LAYER OF GASES HELD BY GRAVITY AROUND EARTH

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  1. earth science ch. 15 • THE ATMOSPHERE: LAYER OF GASES HELD BY GRAVITY AROUND EARTH • WEATHER: CONDITION OF ATMOSPHERE AT A GIVEN TIME • INCLUDE CLOUDS, PRECIPITATION, WIND, TEMP AND AIR PRESSURE • CLIMATE: AVERAGE YEARLY WEATHER OVER AN EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME • COMPOSITION INCLUDES 4 MAJOR GASES, TRACE GASES, LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS 1. NITROGEN (N2): 78 % OF AIR, INERT GAS • NEEDED BY LIVING THINGS TO MAKE CELL PROTEINS • GAS NITROGEN CONVERTED TO SOLID NITRATES BY BACTERIA • NITRATES USED BY PLANTS TO MAKE CELLS • ANIMALS MUST EAT PLANTS OR ANIMALS WHICH EAT PLANTS TO GET IT

  2. 2. OXYGEN (O2): 21% OF AIR, NEEDED BY LIFE TO RELEASE ENERGY • MOST LIFE TAKE OXYGEN DIRECTLY FROM AIR • OXIDATION: COMBINATION OF FOOD, OXYGEN, RELEASES ENERGY,CARBON DIOXIDE • OZONE (O3): FORMED BY POLLUTION, LIGHTENING NEAR SURFACE • 3. CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2): ABOUT 0.04% OF AIR: VERY HEAVY, INERT GAS • RAW MATERIAL, WITH WATER (H2O) USED BY PLANTS TO MAKE FOOD • PHOTOSYNTHESIS: PROCESS IN WHICH PLANTS MAKE FOOD • PLANTS USE CHLOROPHYLL, SUNLIGHT, H2O AND CO2  TO GLUCOSE • PLANTS BECOME BASE OF THE FOODPYRAMID: NEEDED BY COMSUMERS • CO2TRAPS HEAT, IS CONSIDERED A GREENHOUSE GAS

  3. 4. ARGON AND TRACE GASES MAKE UP  ABOUT 1% • ARGON INERT, USED IN INCANDESCENT LIGHT BULBS • INERT: DESCRIBES GASES WHICH DO NOT REACT (CHANGE) WITH OTHER SUBSTANCES • 5. WATERVAPOR: INVISIBLE, GAS FORM OF WATER • RELATIVEHUMIDITY: PERCENT OF MOISTURE IN AIR AT GIVEN TEMPERATURE • PERCENTAGE VARIES GREATLY WITH AIR, MAXIMUM IS 100% • ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE DIRECTLY AFFECTS CLOUD FORMATION, PRECIPITATION   • WATER CONDENSES WHEN TEMP COOLS AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY REACHES 100% • CLOUDS, FOG, DEW ARE ACTUALLY TINY WATER DROPLETS OR EVEN ICE CRYSTALS

  4. AIR PRESSURE:  WEIGHT OF A COLUMN OF AIR PUSHING DOWN • DENSITY: THE AMOUNT OF MATTER (MASS) IN A GIVEN SPACE (VOLUME) • DEFINED BY THE  EQUATION (MASS ÷VOLUME)  • MASS: AMOUNT OF MATTER AND OBJECT HAS, MEASURED IN GRAMS • WEIGHT: MEASURE OF FORCE, NOT THE SAME AS MASS • VOLUME:3 DIMENSIONAL SPACE MEASURED IN LITERS • PRESSURE: THE FORCE (A PUSH OR PULL) PUSHING DOWN ON A SURFACE • DEFINED BY THE EQUATION (FORCE ÷ AREA) • DENSER OBJECTS PUSH MORE (MORE FORCE), HAVE MORE PRESSURE • MOIST AIR, WARM AIR IS LESS DENSE & LIGHTER (LOWER PRESSURE) • MORE PRESSURE LOWER IN THE ATMOSPHERE (MORE AIR)

  5. FACTORS THAT CHANGE AIR PRESSURE • ALTITUDE: HIGHER ALTITUDES HAVE LESS PRESSURE • LESS AIR “MATTER” OVERHEAD AT HIGHER ALTITUDES • EARTH’S CURVE ALSO REDUCES PRESSURE AT HIGH ALTITUDES • LESS AIR (LESS DENSE), LESS AIR OVERHEAD, LESS PRESSURE  • AIR PRESSURE GREATER AT OR BELOW SEA LEVEL (MORE AIR, DENSER) • MOIST AIR IS LIGHTER: WATER (H2O) HAS HYDROGEN (LIGHTEST ELEMENT) • WARM AIR IS LIGHTER:  HAS MORE VOLUME, IS LESSDENSE, RISES • RAPIDLY CHANGING AIR PRESSURE INDICATES POTENTIAL WEATHER • RISING PRESSURES INDICATE COOLER TEMPERATURES CLEARING SKIES • QUICKLY FALLING OR LOW PRESSURES INDICATE WARM, MOIST WEATHER

  6. BAROMETERS: DEVICES WHICH MEASURE AIR PRESSURE (invented in 1643) • MERCURY BAROMETER:GLASS TUBE WITH LIQUID-METAL MERCURY • AIR PUSHES ON OPEN ENDED TUBE, MERCURY MOVES UP, DOWN • INVENTED BY EVANGELISTA TORRICELLI IN MID-1600’s • “INCHES (in)  OF MERCURY” ORIGINAL UNITS FOR PRESSURE • 29.92 INCHES OF MERCURY AVERAGE PRESSURE AT SEA LEVEL • ANEROID BAROMETER: MODERN, USES A SEALED METAL CHAMBER • CHAMBER CHANGES SHAPE AS PRESSURE CHANGES • ATTACHED NEEDLE INDICATES PRESSURE • USES MODERN “MILLIBARS”(mb), A UNIT OF PRESSURE • 1013 mb AVERAGE PRESSURE AT SEA LEVEL

  7. THE FIVE LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE: MARKED BY TEMPERATURES 1. TROPOSHERE: LOWEST, THICKEST AIR, ONLY ONE WITH WEATHER • RECEIVES WARMTH FROM GROUND, GETS COOLER WITH ALTITUDE • CONTAINS ABOUT 75% OF ALL AIR (NEEDED FOR WEATHER) • HAS ALL WEATHER, CLOUDS, PRECIPATION, NEEDED OXYGEN 2. STRATOSPHERE: 2ND LAYER, 2ND THICKEST, HAS VERY STONG WINDS • TEMP GETS HOTTER WITH ALTITUDE, HAS HIGH SPEED JET STREAM • OZONE (O3) LAYER HEATS TOP OF STRATOSPHERE • HOTOZONELAYER ABSORBS DANGEROUS ULTRAVIOLETRADIATION • AIR POLLUTION CAN FORM SEASONAL HOLES IN OZONE LAYER

  8. 3. MESOSPHERE: 3RD LAYER, LITTLE AIR, GETS COLDER WITH ALTITUDE 4. THERMOSPHERE: GETS WARMER WITH ALTITUDE, GOES TO 100 km • CONTAINS IONOSPHERE WITH CHARGED PARTICLES OF 1,800° C • IONOSPHERE: HOT BECAUSE IT ABSORBS HIGH ENERGY SOLAR RADIATION • ITS HIGH ENERGY REFLECTS SHORT WAVE RADIO SIGNALS AROUND WORLD • THE SOURCE OF THE AURORA BOREALIS (NORTHERN LIGHTS) 5. EXOSPHERE: GETS COLDER WITH ALTITUDE, BOUNDARY WITH EMPTY SPACE • SATELLITES ORBIT IN EXOSPHERE: HIGHER ORBITS MAINTAINED LONGER • ALMOST NO GAS MOLECULES PRESENT

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