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The Respiratory System

The Respiratory System . Part Two. Breathing. Respiration Center - Brain. Medulla oblongata (can’t control with our will) S timulates of diaphragm and ( rib) muscles for Stretch receptors

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The Respiratory System

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  1. The Respiratory System Part Two

  2. Breathing

  3. Respiration Center - Brain • Medulla oblongata • (can’t control with our will) • Stimulates of diaphragm and (rib) muscles for • Stretch receptors • Receptors that for the nervous which give on mechanical pressure or • stretch receptors in alveoli limit depth to over inflation by expiration

  4. Pressure • air moves in or out of lungs to pressure with atmosphere • air moves from area of pressure to area of pressure • The relaxing of the diaphragm reduces the volume and the pressure, allowing air to flow out of lungs • provides a pressure some 3 mmHg above atmospheric pressure to accomplish expiration. • an expanded volume will lower the pressure and allow air to into the lungs through the • passages • Upon inspiration, the pressure in the alveoli is on the order of 2-3 mmHg below the atmospheric pressure of 760 mmHg

  5. Inspiration/Expiration

  6. Inspiration/Expiration Inspiration Expiration Diaphragm and returned to its natural shape External muscles relax Volume of cavity decreases Pressure inside thoracic cavity • Diaphragm and the dome shape changes to a flat shape • External muscles contract and ribs • Volume of cavity increases • Pressure inside thoracic cavity

  7. External Respiration Gas exchange between the air and lungs

  8. Red Blood Cells • In each red blood cell, there are approximately hemoglobin • Each hemoglobin molecule binds to oxygen • Researchers believe that each molecule also binds 4 carbon dioxide molecules (not confirmed)

  9. External • In lungs, O2 from air diffuses into and CO2 from blood diffuses into air within • i.e. O2 diffuses down into blood, while CO2 diffuses into air

  10. Oxygen • 1.5% of oxygen is as gas • 98.5% binds to hemglobin (Hb) at the and is transported as HbO2 or O2 + Hb → HbO2

  11. Carbon Dioxide • Leaves the red blood cell and out into the alveolar air • Leaves as: • Dissolved gas • Dissociated from • Broken down from CO2(g) + H2O(l) H2CO3(aq) HCO3–(aq) + H+(aq)

  12. Internal Respiration Gas exchange between the blood and body cells

  13. Internal • In tissues, from blood diffuses into tissues and from tissues into

  14. Oxygen concentration • Oxygen from the hemoglobin molecule due to temperature and differences • Oxygen is now free to the concentration gradient and diffuse out of the and into the tissue • hemoglobinmolecule will bind H+ to become

  15. Carbon Dioxide • 7% dissolves in and is as solution • 23% diffuses into , binds to hemoglobin, and is as (HbCO2) CO2+ Hb → HbCO2

  16. 70% diffuses in RBC and is to HCO3– and H+by CO2(g) + H2O(l) → H2CO3(aq) → HCO3–(aq) + H+(aq) • HCO3(bicarbonate ions) move out from RBC and is transported via plasma • H+ combines with to form reduced (HHb) • H+ + Hb → HHb • Therefore, HCO3– and Hbact as to help maintain in blood

  17. Regulating Breathing Rate Breathing rate and depth to maintain O2 and CO2 levels in blood, which are by in the medulla oblongata and and bodies (found in the carotid and aortic arteries) • Medulla Oblongata • detects H+ concentration (decreasing pH) caused by increased CO2 in blood • causes to contract • Carotid and Aortic Bodies • detect O2in blood causing to contract

  18. By end of this section you should be able to: • identify and give functions for each of the following: – nasal cavity – pharynx – larynx – trachea – bronchi – bronchioles – alveoli – diaphragm and ribs – pleural membranes – thoracic cavity • explain the roles of cilia and mucus in the respiratory tract • explain the relationship between the structure and function of alveoli

  19. describe the interactions of the following structures in the breathing process: – respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata – lungs – pleural membranes – diaphragm – intercostal (rib) muscles – stretch receptors • compare the processes of inhalation and exhalation • explain the roles of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in stimulating the respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata • explain the roles of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions in stimulating carotid and aortic bodies

  20. describe the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen during internal and external respiration, including – location of exchange – conditions that favour exchange (e.g., pH, temperature) • explain the roles of oxyhemoglobin, carbaminohemoglobin, reduced hemoglobin, bicarbonate ions, and carbonic anhydrase in the transport of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood • write the chemical equations for internal and external respiration

  21. Mandatory Vocabulary alveoli, aortic bodies, bicarbonate ions, bronchi, bronchioles, carbaminohemoglobin, carbon dioxide, carbonic anhydrase, carotid bodies, cilia, diaphragm, exhalation, external respiration, hydrogen ions, inhalation, intercostal (rib) muscles, internal respiration, larynx, lungs, mucus, nasal cavity, oxygen, oxyhemoglobin, pH, pharynx, pleural membrane, reduced hemoglobin, respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata, respiratory tract, ribs, stretch receptors, thoracic cavity, trachea

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