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Biodiversity

019. Biodiversity. Hawaii’s Biodiversity. ENDEMIC Occurring exclusively in a given geographic area, having originated in that area through natural means. Hawaiian Cleaner Wrasse. Nene. Rare Endemic Birds. Hawaiian Honeycreepers. Pueo. Hawaiian Hawk (‘ Io ). Tree Snails. Pūpū Kani Oe.

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Biodiversity

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  1. 019 Biodiversity

  2. Hawaii’s Biodiversity

  3. ENDEMIC Occurring exclusively in a given geographic area, having originated in that area through natural means. Hawaiian Cleaner Wrasse

  4. Nene Rare Endemic Birds

  5. Hawaiian Honeycreepers

  6. Pueo

  7. Hawaiian Hawk (‘Io)

  8. Tree Snails Pūpū Kani Oe

  9. Unusual Insects & their Relatives Happy Face Spider nanana makakiʻi

  10. Hawaiian Crickets

  11. Carnivorous caterpillar

  12. Picture wing flies

  13. Hoary Bat (‘Ope’ape’a)

  14. Hawaiian Monk Seal `Ilio-holo-i-ka-uaua

  15. Most Unique Plants ‘ahinahina Silversword

  16. Ohia Lehua

  17. Hapu’u Ferns

  18. Percent Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands

  19. NATIVE Occurring naturally in a given geographic area; not introduced as a consequence of human activities

  20. EXOTIC Introduced to a given geographic area as a consequence of human activities. Anemone fish

  21. What are some ways that animals arrive at their new location?

  22. How do they arrive? • Dispersal Methods: • Rafting • Hitchhiking • Currents • Storms

  23. WHY SOME INTRODUCTIONS SUCCEED AND SOME DON’T? • Disadvantages due to new environmental conditions: • Foraging & predator avoidance strategies may be different • Small #’s of orgs introduced may go extinct • Advantages: • Generalist vs specialist species

  24. Environmental Diversity Extremely wide range of habitats temperature moisture soils vegetation

  25. Environmental Diversity Cold & Dry Cool & Dry inversion trades Warm & Dry Warm & Wet Warm & Very Dry Hot & Very Dry Hot & Wet

  26. Dispersal to the Hawaiian Islands

  27. Origins of Hawaiian Flora and Fauna

  28. Origins of Hawaiian Flora and Fauna

  29. Origin of Hawaiian Coral Indo West Pacific

  30. water 23% wind 2% birds 75% Long Distance Dispersal Wind, Water, & Wings Theory The original colonist plants arrives in the following ways: Hawaii’s Flowering Plants

  31. Drifting in Seawater Pandanus tectorius Ipomoea pes-caprae

  32. Drifting in Air Includes plants that reproduce by means of spores such as ferns, mosses, algae, and lichen . Adenophorus periens

  33. Attached to Birds Estimated 12.8% of the hypothetical original flowers arrived this way Pacific golden plover Tetraplasandra flynii Has hairy gray fruits

  34. Immigration Rates number rate (1 every …) flowering plants 272 110 thousand years insects 275 110 thousand years land snails 25 1.2 million years land birds 15 2 million years mammals 1 30 million years

  35. Polynesian Voyagers to Hawaii yam breadfruit taro kava

  36. Ahupua’a Ranges from the tip of the mtn to the reef area • Upland • Plains • Ocean Slash & burn agriculture (swidden)

  37. Hawaii Bird Biodiversity Crisis • Half of Hawaii’s native birds went extinct soon after the Polynesians arrived • Half of the remaining species of birds went extinct soon after Captain James Cook arrived

  38. European Contact Large herbivores introduced Native plants are “ice cream” Animals multiplied rapidly

  39. Introduced Feral Mammals • Goats • 1.5 million skins 1844-1900 Fainting goats Tree goats

  40. Introduced Feral Mammals • Cattle on Oahu • Wandered Honolulu streets • On all land but residential, agricultural or dense forest

  41. Mongoose • Brought in to help control rat population in sugar cane fields • Rat nocturnal • Mongoose diurnal • Mongoose, dogs, and cats are the nene’s main predator

  42. Poison dart frog Coqui frog coqui coqui coqui

  43. Cane toad

  44. Cane toad

  45. Feral pigs Originally introduced by Polynesian voyagers from the Marquesas Islands ca. 400 AD

  46. Pig Fence Pig wallow

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