Clauses

1. Clauses

2. Independent Clauses • A group of words with a subject and a verb that can stand alone.

3. Subordinate Clause • A group of words with a subject and a verb that cannot stand alone.

4. There can never be a subordinate clause in a sentence without an independent clause • Therefore, you must always find at least two subjects and two verbs. • Those subjects and verbs should be divided in your search for the subordinate clause. • Three types of subordinate clause: adjective, adverb, and noun

5. Adjective Clause • Modifies a noun or pronoun by telling what kind or which one. • An adjective clause begins with a relative pronoun or a relative adverb • Relative pronouns- that, which, who, whom, whose • Relative adverbs- before, since, when, where, why • Example: Anyone who reads about ancient Rome will find it very interesting. • Example: Our trip to Italy ended with a visit to the town where my parents were born.

6. Adverb Clause • modifies verbs, adjectives, adverbs or verbals by telling where, when, inwhatway, to what extent, under what condition, or why. • An adverb clause begins with a subordinating conjunction (table located on page 470) • Examples: after, because, since, until, when, while • Examples of adverb clause: When you finish your book about Rome, you should then begin your report. • Tricia seemed happy wherever she was. • Driving a car if you do not have a license is illegal.

7. Noun Clause • a subordinate clause that acts as a noun (subject, direct object, indirect object, predicate nominative, object of a preposition, or appositive) • The introductory words for a noun clause can be that, which, who, whom, whose, whichever, whomever, whoever, how, if, what, whatever, where, when, whether, or why.

8. Examples • Subject- Whoever is lastmust pay the penalty. • Direct Object-Please invite whomever you want. • The direct object follows an action verb and receives that action of the verb. In this case, it is telling you who is being invited. • Indirect Object- His manner gave whoever met hima shock. • The indirect is located between the action verb and the direct object. Tells the reader to whom (what) or for whom (what) the action is meant. In this sentence, it is telling you that the shock is meant for anyone who has met him.

9. Examples (continued) • Predicate Nominative- Our problem is whether we should stay here or leave. • The predicate nominative is located after the linking verb and renames the subject. In this sentence, the predicate nominative tells the reader what the problem is. • Object of a Preposition- Use the money for whatever purpose you choose. • The object of a preposition is always at the end of a prepositional phrase.

10. Examples (continued) • Appositive- The occupied territory rejected our plea that orphans be cared for by the Red Cross. • An appositive renames a noun or pronoun in the sentence. It is located directly after the noun or pronoun it has renamed. In this sentence, the plea is explained by the appositive.