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GRAMENE. A comparative mapping resource for the grasses. www.gramene.org. Gramene Workshop @ Plant Biology July 25, 2004 Molly Fogleman Doreen Ware Pankaj Jaiswal. Topics. General introduction to the grasses Molly Fogleman Gramene: a community resource Doreen Ware
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GRAMENE A comparative mapping resource for the grasses www.gramene.org Gramene Workshop @ Plant Biology July 25, 2004 Molly Fogleman Doreen Ware Pankaj Jaiswal
Topics • General introduction to the grasses • Molly Fogleman • Gramene: a community resource • Doreen Ware • Answering biological questions with Gramene • Pankaj Jaiswal • Open Discussion We invite you to give feedback on this workshop by completing our survey. Gramene poster # 902
49% of the world’s calories (human consumption) are provided by rice (23%), wheat (17%) and maize (9%) Wheat is the staple food for 35% of the world Rice is the staple food for almost half the world’s population Cereals as a Food Staple Source: Evolution and Adaptation of Cereal Crops, 2002 Science Publishers, Inc.
Diets high in grains can lead to reductions in: Coronary Heart Disease Cancer Diabetes The USDA Food Guide Pyramid The USDA recommends 6-11 servings of grains/day Source: www.usda.gov and Whole Grain Foods in Health and Disease, 2002 American Association of Cereal Chemists, Inc.
USA and World Grass Acreage Sources: USDA and the National Agricultural Statistics Service's March 2004 Historical Track Records for United States Crop Production FAOSTATS May 2004 Note: Figures have been rounded
Population vs. Acreage • Amount of land farmed in the US and the World is decreasing due to: • Urbanization • Erosion • High soil salinity levels • Agricultural Environmental Impacts in the US: • 48% of the impaired river miles • 41% of impaired lakes in the United States. • Nutrient, sediment and pesticide runoff Source: EPA 2003 Photo Source: USDA - National Resources Conservation Service
Question: How to Feed a Growing Population? • Genotypes (high yielding, pest resistance, drought tolerant, salt tolerant) from existing germplasms (gene pool)? • Bioengineered Food? Photo Source: The Washington Post PhotoVoyage: Rice a Global Grain
Phylogeny of the Grasses Source: Kellogg, 1998, PNAS
Macrosynteny: Markers, QTLs, and Genes are found in similar positions Source: MD Gale & KM Devos, 1998, PNAS
Why use Rice as a leverage? • Smallest genome • Sequenced genome • Extensive genetic & physical map resources • Thousands of genes and quantitative trait loci mapped • Large mutant & germplasm collections
Gramene a community resource Doreen Ware USDA-ARS Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory www.gramene.org
trait candidate 1 candidate 2 candidate 3 Genomics by Proxy Maize, Barley, Sorghum, Oat, Wheat… Rice
Timeline and Funding • Gramene www.gramene.org • Funded October 2001 • Superceded USDA RiceGenes • First release of the database January 2002 • Funding Sources • USDA CREES IFAS • USDA ARS Specific Cooperative Agreement • NSF Research Coordination Network • NSF Plant Genome Initiative
Project Participants • Community Collaborators • Publicly funded projects • Individual researchers • Gramene Staff (Cornell and CSHL) • Curators • Information content • Software developers • Visualization tools and data management • Outreach • Scientific community and Secondary Educators
Collaborators and Contributors http://www.gramene.org/collaborators
Community Resource • Integrative set of web-based tools for discovery • Semi-automated • Curated • Software applications • CMap: Generic Model Organism Systems Database Project (GMOD) www.gmod.org • Controlled vocabularies • Open Biological Ontologies (OBO) • Plant Ontology (POC workshop July 27 ) • Gene Ontology • Trait Ontology • Environment Ontology
What’s in Gramene • High-throughput data • Rice genome • Rice proteins • Functional annotation of gene products • Grass EST collections • Curated data • Genetic maps • Physical maps • Protein annotation • Mutant (phenotypic variant) • Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) • Documentation and Help Guide
Search Tools • Genome browser • BLAST • CMap viewer • Marker • Protein • Ontology • Mutants • QTL • Literature
Web Interfaces • Standard • Customizable • Links • Within the database • Between database • Data sources
Genome browser display • Data sets (Genbank, public projects, curated annotations) • Semi Automated Alignment pipeline • Ensembl browser for the database structure and visualization. Developed by EBI/Sanger for the human genome project
Views are customizable • Select tracks to display • Compact and expand • Color
Genome annotation of rice • Gene model • Validation • Comparative analysis using other cereal sequence • Tissue expression • Functional assignment (GO)
Associate the biology of the organism with sequence • Phenotypes: mutants and QTLs • Integrated map feature genetic markers
Comparative Map display • Maps and Correspondences (public projects, curated) • Literature • Community curation • Alignment from sequence • Database structure and browser • CMap –GMOD project
Correspondences in comparative map display • Rice Genome Assembly is the reference map in the comparative map browser • Sequence features and hybridized markers provide the correspondence within species and between species maps
Protein Browser • Data sets • SwissProt rice proteins, annotations and associated literature • Ontologies (controlled vocabulary) • Custom database structure and visualization software
Phenotypes assays • What do you want to capture? • How will you integrate this information into a database?
Common fields for curation of mutants and QTL • Observable/measurable difference resulting from: • one or more mutations (alleles) • at specific genetic loci (mapped genes) • that interact with the rest of the genetic background (germplasm accession) • under a given set of environmental conditions (temperature, light, moisture, nutrition, space) • as part of a biotic regime (i.e., exposed to specific microbes, insects, plants) • measured in given location(s) & time(s) (season, year) • at specific stage(s) of development.
Ontologies used in Gramene • Gene Ontology • Molecular Function • Biological process • Cellular location • Plant Ontology • Anatomy • Development • Trait Ontology
Find all rice mutants in my favorite colinear region of rice associated with dwarfism. What genes within a starch content QTL are predicted to be involved in carbohydrate metabolism? Find protein orthologs between rice & maize whose stage-specific expression patterns have changed. What Ontologies Let You Ask
Answering biological questions with Gramene Gramene workshop @ Plant Biology July 25, 2004 Pankaj Jaiswal
TASKS • Map a cloned rice resistance gene to its putative location in the rice genome • Compare its position to that of other mapped resistance genes • What do we already know ? • The rice disease resistance gene Pi-ta • Genetically mapped to chromosome 12 Rybka et al. (1997). • It has also been sequenced Bryan et al. (1997).
There are three protein accessions • one of which is a hypothetical protein similar to Pi-ta. • The other two, with accessions AAO45178 and AAK00132, are the Pi-ta sequences. • (You may click on their respective links to verify that they are indeed the sequences of interest.) Download the amino acid sequence for the Pi-ta protein for rice from the NCBI website
Copy the sequence Gramene BLAST Search