1 / 21

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis. Chapter 10. Sunlight as an Ultimate Energy Source. All living things need energy Photosynthesis provides this energy Converts light energy into chemical energy Acquired by either autotrophic or heterotrophic means. Autotrophs. Heterotrophs.

flann
Download Presentation

Photosynthesis

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Photosynthesis Chapter 10

  2. Sunlight as an Ultimate Energy Source • All living things need energy • Photosynthesis provides this energy • Converts light energy into chemical energy • Acquired by either autotrophic or heterotrophic means

  3. Autotrophs Heterotrophs • Live without consuming anything from other living things • Require water, soil minerals, and CO2 • Producers of the biosphere • Photoautotrophs • Use light as energy sources • E.g. plants, algae, protists, and bacteria • Live on compounds produced by other organisms • Consumers of the biosphere • Eat living organisms for energy • E.g. animals • Decomposers of the biosphere • Breaks down dead organic matter • E.g. fungi

  4. Anatomy of a Leaf • Stomata allow gas exchange • Veins move water from roots to leaves and sugars from leaves to roots • Chloroplasts, the site of photosynthesis, Located in the mesophyllor interior leaf tissue • All green areas of plants, concentrated in leaves

  5. Chloroplasts • Double membrane bound organelle • Fluid filled space called the stroma • Contains multiple thylakoids, or interconnected membranous sacs • Stacked into grana • Chlorophyll pigment within • Gives plant characteristic colors • Captures energy for photosynthesis

  6. Equation of Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight C6H1206 + 6O2 What color line is showing reduction? oxidation?

  7. Redox Revisited • Cellular Respiration • Energy from sugar as electrons from H to O2 = H2O • Lose PE as fall to more electronegative oxygen • Mitochondria use energy released to make ATP • Photosynthesis • H20 split and electrons to CO2 = sugar (reduction) • Gain PE as bond complexity increases • Requires energy = endergonic • Light provides boost

  8. Photosynthesis: An Overview • Light reactions [photo part] • Solar energy to chemical energy • Light drives transfer of e -’s and H+ • NADP+ NADPH (reduction or oxidation?) • Create ATP using chemiosmosis to power photophosphorylation • NO sugar produced • Calvin cycle (dark reaction) [synthesis part] • CO2 incorporated into organic molecules, carbon fixation • Add e -’s from NADPH and ATP to reduce into carbohydrates • Makes sugar • Doesn’t need light directly

  9. Photosynthesis

  10. Understanding Sunlight • Electromagnetic energy • Exists as discrete packets of particles called photons • All wavelengths make up an electromagnetic spectrum • Wavelengths are distance between crests of waves and inversely related to amount of energy • Visible light most important to life • Detectable by human eye • Violet end is shortest waves • Red end is longest waves • All combined = white light

  11. Photosynthetic Pigments Action spectrum • Light can be reflected, transmitted, or absorbed • Chloroplasts vary in pigments • Chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids • Violet-blue and red light most efficient for photosynthesis • Carotenoids have role in photoprotection • In human eye too

  12. Excitation of Chlorophyll • Absorption of light elevates electrons of pigments to higher orbital ( PE) • Pigments absorb in specific range • Unstable in upper orbital so ‘fall’ back quickly • Releases energy as heat • White vs black cars or clothing in the South

  13. Photosystems • Protein complex with a reaction center surrounded by light-harvesting complexes • Chlorophyll a always bound with reaction center molecules • Other pigments with light-harvesting complexes • Gather light from larger surfaces • Pigments absorb photons and transfer to reaction center complex • Electrons transferred to primary electron acceptor, reducing it • Two types, II and I

  14. Light Reaction • Occurs in the thylakoids • Two Photosystems • PS I absorbs at 700nm • PS II at 680nm • Two electron flow patterns • Linear electron flow • Cyclic

  15. Linear Electron Flow To Calvin cycle

  16. Comparing Chemiosmosis • Similarities • ETC in membranes pump protons across as e-’s moved to more EN carriers • ATP synthase utilizes [H+ gradient] • Differences • M: e-’s from organics, protons move out • P: e-’s from H2O, protons move in

  17. Calvin Cycle • Anabolic reaction in the stroma • Products from light reaction are reactants for dark • (3) CO2 molecules combine to create (1) 3 carbon sugars (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, G3P) • Cycle must occur 3 times for 1 molecule to be made • Broken into 3 steps • Carbon fixation • Reduction • Regeneration of CO2 acceptor (RuBP) CO2 3PG RuBP G3P G3P G3P

  18. Carbon Fixation • 1 CO2 into stroma • Attaches to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP), a 5 carbon sugar • Catalized by rubisco • Most abundant protein on Earth • Forms unstable 6 carbon molecule • Immediately to (2) 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) • 2 for every 1 CO2 molecule

  19. Reduction • 3PG gains a phosphate from ATP to create 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate • NADPH reduces 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to G3P • 3 cycles (3 CO2’s) create 6 G3P • Only 1 leaves (3 carbons out) • Other 5 recycled (15 carbons remain)

  20. Regeneration of CO2 Acceptor • 5 G3P are rearranged into 3 RuBP (5 carbons each) • Cost 3 ATP • Capable of accepting CO2 again • Overall cost of cycle • 9 ATP • 6 NADPH • 3 CO2 • 2 G3P to make sugars and other fuels

  21. Review of Photosynthesis

More Related