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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology. One-Dimensional vs. Multidimensional Models. One-dimensional Models Explain behavior in terms of a single cause Multidimensional Models Interdisciplinary Abnormal behavior results from multiple influences Biological Behavioral

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology

  2. One-Dimensional vs. Multidimensional Models • One-dimensional Models • Explain behavior in terms of a single cause • Multidimensional Models • Interdisciplinary • Abnormal behavior results from multiple influences • Biological • Behavioral • Emotional • Social & cultural • Developmental

  3. Genetic Contributions to Psychopathology • Phenotype vs. genotype • Nature of genes • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) – the double helix • 23 pairs of chromosomes • Dominant vs. recessive genes • Development and behavior is often polygenetic • Genetic contribution to psychopathology • Less than 50%

  4. Genes: Their Location and Composition Nucleus Chromosome Gene Cell DNA

  5. The Interaction of Genetic and Environmental Effects • Eric Kandel and gene-environment interactions • The diathesis-stress model • Examples: • Blood-injury-injection phobia • alcoholism

  6. The Interaction of Genetic and Environmental Effects • Reciprocal gene-environment model • Examples: depression, impulsivity • Epigenetics and the Non-genomic inheritance of behavior • Genes are not the whole story • Environmental influences may override genetics

  7. Neuroscience Contributions to Psychopathology • The field of neuroscience • The role of the nervous system in disease and behavior

  8. Branches of Nervous System CENTRAL 2.1 What are the nervous system, neurons and nerves? PERIPHERAL Spinal Chord Brain Somatic Autonomic Para Sympathetic

  9. Autonomic NS: Sympathetic Division “Fight or flight”

  10. Autonomic NS: Parasympathetic Division “Rest and digest”

  11. Structure of the Neuron Axon Axon terminal (synaptic knob) Cell body (soma) Dendrites Myelin

  12. Major Neurotransmitters and Their Functions Involved in mood, sleep, and appetite Norepinephrine Acetylcholine Glutamate Dopamine Serotonin Endorphins GABA Involved in learning, memory formation, nervous system development, and synaptic plasticity Involved in control of movement and sensations of pleasure Neurotransmitters Involved in arousal, attention, memory, and controls muscle contractions Involved in sleep and inhibits movement Involved in arousal and mood Involved in pain relief

  13. The Synapse Synaptic knob of presynaptic neuron Nerve impulse Synaptic vesicle Synapse Surface of postsynapticneuron Neurotransmitters Receptor site

  14. Lock & Key Mechanism Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron in a key-lock mechanism.

  15. Neuroscience: Functions of Main Types of Neurotransmitters • Functions of Neurotransmitters • Agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists • Most drugs are either agonistic or antagonistic

  16. Agonists

  17. Antagonists

  18. Cleaning Up the Synapse

  19. The Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex parietal frontal temporal occipital

  20. pituitary pineal thyroid pancreas adrenals The Endocrine System parathyroids gonads

  21. Neuroscience: Peripheral Nervous and Endocrine Systems • The Endocrine System • Hormones • TheHypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenalcortical axis (HPA axis) • Integration of endocrine and nervous system function

  22. Implications of Neuroscience for Psychopathology • Relations between brain and abnormal behavior • Example: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) • Psychosocial influences • Can change brain structure and function

  23. Implications of Neuroscience for Psychopathology • Therapy • Also can change brain structure and function • Medications and psychotherapy • Psychosocial factors • Interact with brain structure and function

  24. The Contributions of Behavioral and Cognitive Science • Conditioning and cognitive processes • Respondent and operant learning • Learned helplessness • Social learning • Modeling and observational learning • Prepared learning

  25. Classical Conditioning - an organism learns to connect or associate stimuli. 29

  26. The Contributions of Behavioral and Cognitive Science • Cognitive science and the unconscious • Implicit memory • Blind sight • Stroop paradigm

  27. The Role of Emotion in Psychopathology • The nature of emotion • To elicit or evoke action • Action tendency different from affect and mood • Intimately tied with several forms of psychopathology

  28. The Role of Emotion in Psychopathology • Components of emotion • Behavior, physiology, and cognition • Example of fear • Harmful side of emotional dysregulation • Anger, hostility, emotional suppression, illness, and psychopathology

  29. Cultural, Social, and Interpersonal Factors in Psychopathology • Cultural factors • Influence the form and expression of behavior • Gender effects • Exert a strong and puzzling effect on psychopathology • Social effects on health and behavior • Frequency and quality important • Related to mortality, disease, and psychopathology

  30. Life-Span and Developmental Influences Over Psychopathology • Life-span developmental perspective • Addresses developmental changes • Influence and constrain what is normal and abnormal • The principle of equifinality • From developmental psychopathology • Several paths to a given outcome

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