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CARBOHYDRATES

CARBOHYDRATES. Energy Yielding Nutrient. All CHO have a caloric value of 4 C al/gr Reminder: C alorie - measurement of energy Heat energy needed to raise 1 L of water 1 degree Celsius. Saccaharides. Monosaccharides : C 6 H 12 O 6 The monosaccharides are isomers Fructose Galactose

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CARBOHYDRATES

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  1. CARBOHYDRATES

  2. Energy Yielding Nutrient • All CHO have a caloric value of 4 Cal/gr • Reminder: Calorie- measurement of energy • Heat energy needed to raise 1 L of water 1 degree Celsius

  3. Saccaharides • Monosaccharides: C6H12O6 • The monosaccharides are isomers • Fructose • Galactose • Glucose

  4. Glucose and Fructose

  5. Galactose

  6. Isomers • Def: compounds that have the same chemical formula • Champ and Harvey, Biochemistry. Lippincott. 2nd edition

  7. Dissacharides • Created with the Dehyration Synthesis of Monosaccharides • Anabolic Chemical Reaction • C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 = C12H22O11 + H20 • Hydrolysis is a Catabolic Chemical Reaction

  8. Inquiry Exercise • Differentiate between catabolic and anabolic chemical reactions. • Differentiate between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

  9. The Disacharides • Sucrose(cane sugars) = glc + frc • Lactose(dairy sugars) = glc + gal • Maltose(seed sugars) = glc + glc

  10. Polysaccharides

  11. Starches: Grains

  12. Starches: Legumes

  13. Starches: Tubers

  14. Inquiry Exercise • List six types of grains • List five types of legumes • List three types of tubers

  15. GLYCOGEN • The structural analogue to starches • It is a glucose polymer found in muscle, the liver, stomach and brain • It is synthesized by the liver when we are in a “fed” state • It is released by liver when blood glucose levels drop….”fast” state

  16. Fiber • Fiber is a non-digestible polysaccharide. It does not have caloric value • There are two categories: • Soluble • Insoluble

  17. Soluble Fiber • Easily dissolves in water • They are considered heart healthy because they lower blood cholesterol levels • Pectin is an example of soluble fiber

  18. Insoluble fiber • Do not dissolve in water • Promote colon health by promoting bowel movements, lessening constipation and reducing diverticulosis

  19. Dietary Intake • Recommended dietary fiber intake is 25-35g per day

  20. Chemical Digestion Of CHO • Please refer to the digestive system power point and page 102 of Understanding Nutrition in order to understand carbohydrate pathway.

  21. CHO Enzymes • Salivary Amylase: component of saliva • It functions to begin the digestion of polysaccharides • Neutralized by stomach acid WHY?

  22. Pancreatic Amylase • Secreted by the exocrine (acini) cells of the pancreas • It enters the duodenum via the pancreatic and common bile ducts • It breaks down polysaccharides into the disaccharides

  23. Duodenal Enzymes • There are three duodenal enzymes: • Sucrase • Lactase • Maltase

  24. Sucrase • Sucrase breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose • Is this an anabolic or catabolic chemical reaction?

  25. Lactase • Lactase breaks lactose into glucose and galactose. • Lack of lactase production indicates what digestive disorder? What are the symptoms?

  26. Maltase • Breaks down maltose into two glucose molecules

  27. Absorption • All of the monosaccharides are absorbed and transported to the liver. • All monosaccharides can be converted into glucose by the liver because?

  28. Liver • The liver will • Convert monosaccharides into glucose to be part of blood glucose • Create glycogen: glycogenesis • Create lipids: lipogenesis(remember the carbohydrate hypothesis?)

  29. Function(s) of CHO • Energy • Blood glucose • Glycogen

  30. Function(s) of Fiber • Decrease blood cholesterol • Increase bowel movements

  31. Assigned ReadingsUnderstanding Nutrition • Figure 4-10 (carbohydrate digestion) p. 104 • pp. 106-109: Blood Glucose • Table 4-2 (alternative sweeteners) pp. 116-117

  32. Acknowledgements • Unless otherwise noted, all information, images and assignments are adapted or taken from • Whitney and Rolfes (2011). Understanding Nutrition. 12 edition. Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

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