Rules for Bonding in Organic Chemistry

1. Rules for Bonding in Organic Chemistry • Every atom but Hydrogen MUST have 8 electrons while bonded. • Carbon forms 4 bonds (C has 4 valence e-) • Nitrogen forms 3 bonds (N has 5 valence e-) • Oxygen forms 2 bonds (O has 6 valence e-) • Hydrogen forms 1 bond (H breaks the octet rule) • Halogens form 1 bond (all have 7 valence e-) The Octet Rule!

2. Organic Chemistry • Rules for naming organic compounds • Determine longest straight carbon chain • Locate All Functional Groups • Follow rules for All Functional Groups • Organic Compounds are made from non-metals forming covalent bonds with each other.

3. The Big Eight Functional Groups of Organic Compounds • Alcohols • Aldehydes • Amines • Carboxylic Acids • Esters • Ethers • Halides • Keytones

4. Identifying Alcohols .. .. • R-O-H • an oxygen atom is inserted between any carbon atom and one of its hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon • To Name:# of C the “O” is bound to -hydrocarbon and change the ending “-e” to “-ol” • Example:H H H H-C-C-C-O-H H H H .. .. 1-propanol

5. Naming and Drawing Alcohols H H H H H-C-C-C-C-O-H H H H H ethanol .. 1-butanol .. H H H-C-C-H H :O: H

6. Identifying Aldehydes A Terminal carbonyl group (C=O) on a carbon chain. :O: R– C – H To Name: Name the carbon chain, add the ending “-al” rather than “e” Example: H H :O: H-C-C- C-H H H propanal

7. Naming and Drawing Aldehydes H :O: H–C– C–H _______________ H pentanal ethanal H H H H :O: H-C-C-C-C-C-H H H H H

8. Identifying Amines • A terminal -NH2 group on a carbon chain. • To Name: carbon chain “-yl” “amine” H HH • Example:H–C C – C – N-H H HHH .. amine Propyl

9. Naming and Drawing Amines H H H H H–C – C – C – C – N –H ____________ H H H H H .. Butyl amine H H H–N – C –H H Methyl amine ..

10. Identifying Carboxylic Acids .. :O: A terminal R-C-O-H group on a carbon chain Name: carbon chain “–oic acid” H H :O: Example: H–C – C – C-O-H H H .. .. .. propan oic acid

11. Naming and Drawing Carboxylic Acids H :O: H–C – C -O-H H ethanoic acid H H H H :O: H–C – C – C – C – C-O-H H H H H .. .. .. .. .. Pentanoic acid

12. Identifying Esters :O: A carbon chain broken by R–C- O-R’ To Name: C=O chain“-yl” long chain “-oate” H :O:H H H Example:H-C – C-O-C- C-C-H HH H H .. .. .. .. Ethyl propanoate

13. Naming and Drawing Esters H H :O: H H H H H-C-C- C-O-C-C- C-C-H __________ H H H H H H  ethyl methanoate .. Propyl butanoate .. H :O: H H-C- C-O-C-H H H .. ..

14. Identifying Ethers • An oxygen atom breaks up a chain of carbon atoms into two chains: R-O-R’ To Name: short carbon chain “-yl”, long carbon chain”-yl” “ether” Example: H H H H H H H H-C-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-H H H H H H H H .. .. Propyl-butyl ether

15. Naming and Drawing Ethers H H H H H H H H H H H-C-C-C-C-C-C-O-C-C-C-C-H H H H H H H H H H H methyl propylether .. .. Butyl hexyl ether H H H H H-C-O-C-C-C-H H H H H .. ..

16. Identifying Halides • A hydrogen has been replaced by one of the halogens (F, Cl, Br, I orAt) • To Name: “# carbon of substitution”- “prefix of halogen–o” – “longest carbon chain” • Example: H H H H H H H-C-C-C-C-C-C-H H H Cl H H H 3-chloro-hexane

17. Naming and Drawing Halides H H H F H H-C-C-C-C-C-H ________________ H H H H H 2-bromo-propane 2 – fluoro-pentane H Br H H-C-C-C-H H H H

18. Identifying Keytones :O: R–C–R’ An oxygen atom is doubly bound to a carbon atom in the middle of a carbon chain To Name: carbon chain with the # carbon of the carbonyl group ending in “-one” Example: H :O: H H H H-C –C – C-C C -H H H H H 2-pentanone

19. Naming Keytones H H :O: H H H H H-C-C–C–C-C-C-C-H H H H H H H 2-hexanone 3-heptanone H :O: H H H H H-C – C – C -C-C-C-H H H H H H