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TURBO TAKS

TURBO TAKS. Week 6 Lesson 1: Body Systems Lesson 2: Heat Transfer & Waves Lesson 3: Energy & Electricity Lesson 4: Motion, Forces, & Physics Equations. Lesson 1: Body Systems.

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TURBO TAKS

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  1. TURBO TAKS Week 6 Lesson 1: Body Systems Lesson 2: Heat Transfer & Waves Lesson 3: Energy & Electricity Lesson 4: Motion, Forces, & Physics Equations

  2. Lesson 1: Body Systems

  3. The Human Body must also maintain homeostasis (a balance). The organs of the body work together in organ systems to perform specific functions. Organ systems are often connected and work together to allow the body to function.

  4. Integumentary:Skin, hair, nails: Protects, prevents infection, temperature control SkeletalSupport and protection of organs. Muscular Uses bones as simple machines to exert force on the body to create movement.

  5. NervousControl system of the body. Works with other systems to maintain homeostasis. EndocrineSecretes hormones that circulate in the blood stream and tell other systems what to do. Reproductive:produces gametes in ovaries and testis.

  6. Circulatory:transports oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes wastes. Respiratory Brings O2 to circulatory system and removes CO2 (gas exchange!). ImmuneFights infection Helper T-cells and macrophages turn on the immune response and start attacking invaders.

  7. Digestive:breaks down food and absorbs nutrients ExcretoryTakes waste from the blood stream for removal from the body.

  8. Lesson 2: Heat Transfer and Waves

  9. Heat Transfers • Heat moves from hot to cold. • Example: When you put your hand on a lab table it feels cold because the heat in your hand is leaving your body and transferring down, into the table. Not the other way around. • Heat from the 25oC block is sinking into the 10oC block • Heat does not rise, hot air rises. 10oC 25oC

  10. Conduction Conduction transfers from one substance to another by direct contact of molecules. THINK: Solids Example: When you touch a hot stove! 25oC 5oC 25oC 5oC wood metal slow transfer fast transfer

  11. Convection Convection transfers heat through moving currents in fluids (gases or liquids). Convection cannot occur in solids, because solids can’t move. • THINK: Liquids and Gases Hot liquids (and gases) are less dense and rise, causing convection currents. These currents transfer heat throughout the liquid (or gas). Much of the weather on earth comes from convection currents. The sun warms air at the surface of the earth. Warm air rises, causing winds. When the air cools it falls back to the ground Hot Liquid Rises cooler liquid falls cooler liquid falls Heat Source Much of the weather on earth comes from convection currents. The sun warms air at the surface of the earth. Warm air rises, causing winds. When the air cools it falls back to the ground. Hot air rises sunshine wind wind warm ground Cold air is pulled in from the sides causing wind.

  12. Radiation • Heat (thermal energy) in the form of electromagnetic radiation from a light source. • Examples: • The sun warming your face. • Warmth you feel sitting close to a campfire. All energy on earth comes originally from the sun. Only radiation can travel through the vacuum of space to the earth. Radiation Radiation transfers heat through electromagnetic waves — pure thermal energy.

  13. Lets Practice CONVECTION Name the type of heat transfer: • Boiling water in a pot. 2. Your feet burning on concrete in the Summer time. CONDUCTION 3. McDonalds keeping french fries warm under a heat lamp. RADIATION D (Always hot . cold) 4. Which letter represents a possible heat transfer? A 20ºC 20ºC D B 30ºC 40ºC C

  14. Waves A wave is any disturbance that transmits energy through matter or space

  15. Types of Waves 1. 2.

  16. Types of Waves • 1. Compression/ Longitudinal wave • Produced by moving a slinky spring back and forth. • Example: Sound

  17. Types of Waves • 2. Transverse Wave • Produced by waving a rope or other medium up and down • Example: Light wave, or a ripple in a pond

  18. Parts of a Transverse Wave

  19. Characteristics of All Waves • Wavelength-distance from a point in a wave to the next point on the next wave in the same phase • Frequency-the number of times that a repeated event occurs per second • For sound, High pitch = high frequency • V = f λ (Velocity = frequency x wavelength) Short Wavelength = High Frequency Long Wavelength = Low Frequency

  20. Wave Properties • Reflection • When waves bounce off a hard boundary. • The sound waves are bouncing off the tank. (i.e.- mirror, echo) • Refraction • The bending of light as it passes from one medium into another. (i.e.- lenses)

  21. Wave Properties • Diffraction • Occurs when a wave bends around a corner. • Interference • A wave interaction that occurs when two or more waves overlap. Click screen when ready…

  22. Wave Properties • Resonance • Occurs when one object vibrates because of another object’s vibrations. • Common in tuning forks and other musical instruments • Example: Earhearing • Body of guitar vibrates because of it’s strings vibration. Click screen when ready… Make sure sound is turned down.

  23. Lets Practice • Answer with: Reflection, Refraction, Diffraction, Interference, or Resonance. 1. Lenses 3. Water waves passing through an opening. 2. Using a mirror REFRACTION REFLECTION DIFFRACTION 4. When the primary colors of light combine to form white light • 5. When singing near a piano, the keys can start to sound. INTERFERENCE RESONANCE

  24. Lesson 3: Energy and Electricity

  25. Energy • Energy is the ability to cause motion or forces; the units of energy are joules (J).

  26. Potential Energy • 1. Gravitational Potential Energy (in Joules, J) is stored energy, because an object is above the ground. • More height = more Potential Energy. It has the potential to cause motion and forces. • Gravitational Potential Energy= mass x gravity x height mass (in kilograms) Ep = mgh Potential energy equals mass times gravity times height. Potential Energy(in Joules) height (in meters) acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s2 )

  27. Potential Energy Don’t forget to use the given constants and formulas! • The acceleration due to gravity we experience on Earth is 9.8 m/s2. In space, gravity is 0 m/s2. • Potential Energy Practice: PE=mgh m = h = g = Ep = Ex: How much potential energy does a 4 kg object have that is 5 meters off the ground? m = 4 kg h = 5 m g = 10 m/s2 Ep = ? Ep = mgh Ep = (4)(10)(5) = (40)(5) = 200 Joules takes 5,000 J of energy)

  28. Kinetic Energy • Kinetic Energy (in Joules, J) is the energy of motion. Moving objects have kinetic energy. • Kinetic Energy= ½ mass x velocity2 • Mass is measured in kilograms (kg) and velocity is measured in meters/second (m/s). mass (in kilograms) Ek = (½)mv2 Kinetic energy equals one-half Times mass times velocity squared. Kinetic Energy(in Joules) velocity (in m/s)

  29. Energy Transfers • Energy can be transferred from one type to another. • Work (in Joules, J) is how forces change energy. • Work=Force x Distance • Power (in Watts, W) is how fast work is done. • Power = Work Time Work (in Joules) Force (in Newtons) Power(in Watts) Work (in Joules) W = Fd P = W/T Time (in seconds) Distance (in meters)

  30. Efficiency • Efficiency is the percentage of energy retained (not lost) in an energy transfer. Energy gained by the object (in J) Efficiency (in %) Energy you tried to give the object (in J)

  31. Efficiency Calculation Wout=Epgained =mgh =10(9.8)2 =98(2) = 196J Win=Fd= 30(8)=240 J 196 .82 x 100 =82% How much energy you tried to give to the object thru an energy transfer or work. How much energy is actually gained by the object (how much it got out). Work In: Work Out: Here work is done on the object, pulling it up the ramp. This is the total energy that you tried to give the object. The object only got out 200 J. Work put in 240 J. After 10 kg Fin = 30 N Before D= 8m 10 kg 2 m

  32. Types of Energy • Thermal Energy—Heat energy. A product of most other forms of energy. • Mechanical Energy—Any kind of Kinetic (moving) or Potential (height) Energy. • Chemical Energy—Stored in chemical bonds. Includes energy in food, plants, and batteries (produce electricity by combining chemicals). • Electrical Energy—Energy of moving electrons: lightening, electricity. • Radiant Energy—Light energy from light bulbs or the sun (renewable solar energy). • Nuclear Energy—Energy from nuclear reactions (radiation): makes huge amounts of energy, but also long-term, radioactive waste like power plants.

  33. Lets Practice WORD BANK Kinetic Energy Potential Energy Energy Height Joules Match with the terms to the right: • The units for energy. • The ability to create forces or motion. • Energy because of an object’s motion. • Energy because of an object’s position above the ground due to gravity. • Vertical distance above the ground.

  34. Electricity • Moving of electrons through conductors. The path must be closed, or electrons cannot move.

  35. Electrical Circuits • Series Circuit • Provides a single conducting pathway without junctions. • Parallel Circuit • When two or more components of a circuit are connected across junctions, providing separate pathways for the current. Notice how the lines are “parallel”! Which type of circuit would you rather have for your Christmas lights? Parallel, so that if one light burns out, the current can still reach the other bulbs.

  36. Let’s Practice with Energy! Assuming the chart contains all energy transformations in the Earth system, how much solar radiation goes toward evaporating water? F 40,000 terajoules G 92,410 terajoules H 121,410 terajoules J 133,410 terajoules Subtract all the energy expenditures from the total amount reaching Earth. 173,410 – 52,000- 81,000 – 370 – 40 = 40,000

  37. Lesson 4: Motion, Forces, and Physics Equations

  38. Speed and Velocity Speed is the distance an object travels per second. Velocity includes the speed of an object and the direction of its motion. They share a formula on your equation sheet. d s t Speed equals the distanced traveleddivided by the time it took to move that distance. Distance travelled (in meters) Time (in seconds) Speed (in meter/sec)

  39. Measuring Speed To measure speed you must determine the distance traveled and the elapsed time. 0:00.0 0:05.0 Distance Traveled Initial Position Final Position 25 m Elapsed Time 5 sec

  40. a = a = Acceleration Acceleration is how fast you change velocity OR how much the velocity changed in a certain amount of time. An object accelerates when it changes speed OR changes direction! a = Acceleration equal change of velocity divided by change of time. Change of Velocity(in meters/sec) Acceleration (in m/s2) Change of Time (in seconds) If acceleration is unknown use acceleration due to gravity out of the constants box on the formula chart!

  41. Solving for Acceleration 3. Determine the change in time. 2. Calculate final velocity 4. Plug into acceleration equation. 1. Calculate initial velocity Measure ΔT (Time it took to Accelerate) Measure Vi(Initial Velocity) Measure Vf(Final Velocity) Accelerates for 2 seconds 8 m 4 m So ΔT = 2 sec 0.0 1.0 4.0 3.0

  42. MOMENTUM • Momentum is how hard it is to stop something and is a product of an object’s mass and its velocity. Momentum is increased if either the mass or velocity is increased. Momentum equals mass times velocity. Mass (in kg) Momentum (in kgm/sec) p = mv Velocity (in m/sec)

  43. Momentum The canon ball has a smaller mass and a larger velocity. The canon has a larger mass and a smaller velocity. However, since the system started with a net momentum of zero, the momentums of the objects afterwards must be equal and opposite to cancel each other out, or = 0. Pcanon = Pcanon ball

  44. Forces • A force is a push or pull that one body exerts on another. Force is measured in Newtons (N). • Forces can add and subtract. Total Net Force = +65 -15 = 50 N 10 kg 15 N 65 N Left is negative. Right is positive.

  45. Newton’s Laws of Motion: • An object in motion will stay in motion unless a force acts upon it. (Law of Inertia). If an object is at rest, it will stay at rest until acted upon. *Why we need seatbelts. • Force = mass x acceleration *Why a bowling ball does not go as fast as a ping pong ball when the same force is applied. 3. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. *Why a rocket goes up when gasses push down.

  46. Inertia Inertia is the tendency to not change motion, and is dependent only on the object’s mass (measured in kilograms). - Newton’s First Law. Object’s with more mass have more inertia and are harder to push. Object’s with less mass have less inertia and are easier to push.

  47. Frequent Equations from the Formula Sheet

  48. Solving Physics Problems: • Identify what is being asked andunderlineor highlight it. • Find the appropriate formula and write it downin your test booklet. • Plug in the known information (WRITE IT OUT). 4. Solve for the unknown.

  49. Lets Practice the Steps Together… • What is the approximate difference in gravitational potential energy of a 2kg object 3m off the ground and a 2kg object 1m off the ground? • F) 19J • G) 39 J • H) 59 J • J) 79 J gravitational potential energy Second Situation PE=mgh PE=(2)(9.8)(1) PE= 19.6 J First Situation PE=mgh PE=(2)(9.8)(3) PE= 58.8 J Difference Between= 58.8 – 19.6 = 39.2 J or approximately 39J = G

  50. Let’s Practice! The illustration above shows a student about to throw a ball while standing on a skateboard. Which illustration below correctly shows the skateboard’s direction of motion after the student releases the ball? skateboard’s direction of motion B C A D

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