Making Foreign and Defense Policy

2. 14 Making Foreign and Defense Policy

3. Video: The Big Picture 14 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/MaglebyBrief_Ch14_Making_Foreign_and_Defense_Policy_Seg1_v2.html

4. 14 Learning Objectives Analyze the questions and responses that shape approaches to U.S. foreign policy and defense 14.1 Assess the status of each of the issues that currently dominate the foreign policy and defense agenda 14.2

5. 14 Learning Objectives Outline the structure of the foreign policy and defense bureaucracy 14.3 Evaluate the options for achieving foreign policy and defense goals 14.4

6. Video: The Basics 14 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg2_ForeignDefense_v2.html

7. Understanding Foreign Policy and Defense 14.1 • Realism Versus Idealism • Isolationism Versus Internationalism • Unilateralism Versus Multilateralism • Preemption Versus Provocation • Hard Power Versus Soft Power

8. Realism Versus Idealism Viewpoints like realism and idealism attempt to determine other countries’ intentions and motivations Realism Aggressive self-interest Idealism Collective action benefits Presidential viewpoints often vary with the individual 14.1

9. Isolationism Versus Internationalism The American Political Debate Majority of public, Congress supported isolationism until WW II The role of the U.S.in contemporary geopolitics The Middle East UN peacekeeping 14.1

10. Unilateralism Versus Multilateralism U.S. has sufficient military strength to act unilaterally Advantages to multilateralism Global good will Military strategy United Nations U.S. action within UN gives it international legitimacy 14.1

11. 14.1 Food Aid

12. 14.1 Pre-emption Versus Provocation • U.S. responses to provocation • Preemption means attacking first • U.S. pre-emptive acts • The Bush Doctrine • The Iraq War

13. 14.1 Hard Power Versus Soft Power • Hard power • Military action • Economic sanctions • Theory of deterrence • Mutually assured destruction (MAD) • Soft power • Diplomacy • Foreign Aid • Influence

14. 14.1 14.1Which of the following suggests that nations will most often act in their own self-interest? • Isolationism • Unilateralism • Idealism • Realism

15. 14.1 14.1Which of the following suggests that nations will most often act in their own self-interest? • Isolationism • Unilateralism • Idealism • Realism

16. Explore the Simulation: You Are the President of the United States During a Foreign Policy Crisis 14.1 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/long/long_longman_media_1/2013_mpsl_sim/simulation.html?simulaURL=20

17. Video: In Context 14.1 Seg3.ForeignDefense.v2.mp4

18. 14.2 The Foreign Policy and Defense Agenda • Addressing Global Climate Change • Controlling Weapons of Mass Destruction • Fighting Terrorism • Negotiating Peace in the Middle East • Promoting Free Trade • Strengthening Democracy and International Understanding

19. 14.2 Camp David

20. Addressing Global Climate Change Kyoto Protocol Drew correlation between global warming and greenhouse gases Ratified by most industrial nations The U.S. position Balked at fossil-fuel burning restrictions Perceived unfair disadvantage to U.S. economy Did not ratify Kyoto Protocol 14.2

21. Controlling Weapons of Mass Destruction Nuclear non-proliferation since WWII Diplomatic efforts Deterrence Biological and chemical threats Rogue nations, non-state actors 14.2

22. 14.2 Iran’s nuclear program

23. Tools Highly specialized bureaus and agencies within U.S. departments Intelligence-gathering Multi-national cooperation Global spread of terrorist activity 14.2 Fighting Terrorism

24. 14.2 Osama Bin Laden

25. Negotiating Peace in the Middle East U.S. role in Middle East since 1948 Middle East and Oil Arab Spring 14.2

26. Promoting Free Trade U.S. supports global free-trade efforts Trade with China Ideological Antagonism and Rights abuses U.S. maintains normal trade relations 14.2

27. Strengthening Democracy and International Understanding The geo-strategy of democracy Cold War containment Current role in global security Humanitarianism Peace Corps Foreign Aid 14.2

28. 14.2 Peace Corps

29. 14.2 14.2Which of the following best illustrates U.S. defense policy? • Deterrence • Preemption • Both of the above • Neither of the above

30. 14.2 14.2Which of the following best illustrates U.S. defense policy? • Deterrence • Preemption • Both of the above • Neither of the above

31. Video: In the Real World 14.2 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg5_ForeignDefense_v2.html

32. The Foreign Policy and Defense Bureaucracy 14.3 • The National Security Council • The State Department • Intelligence Agencies • The Department of Defense

33. The National Security Council Closely advises president at highest level of foreign policy Most senior-level security officials in government NSC is most visible foreign policy body Structure Created by National Security Act 1947 Subject to regulation Inclusion of V.P., Secretaries of Defense & State 14.3

34. Duties U.S. global presence at state-to-state level Protection of U.S. citizens The Foreign Service Culture of Bureaucracy The increasing role of the State Dept. since WWII 14.3 The State Department

35. 14.3 9/11 Commission

36. Intelligence Agencies The Central Intelligence Agency Most prominent intelligence-gathering U.S. agency The Broader Intelligence Community BIR, DIA, FBI, etc. Reporting, analysis, and dissemination of vital information 14.3

37. The Joint Chiefs of Staff The All–Volunteer Force Contractors 14.3 The Department of Defense

38. 14.3 14.3Which of the following is comprised of the respective heads of the Armed Forces? • The Central Intelligence Agency • The Joint Chiefs of Staff • The Foreign Service • The National Security Council

39. 14.3 14.3Which of the following is comprised of the respective heads of the Armed Forces? • The Central Intelligence Agency • The Joint Chiefs of Staff • The Foreign Service • The National Security Council

40. Explore Foreign and Defense Policy: How Much Does America Spend on Defense? 14.3 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/long/long_magleby_mpslgbp_brief10/pex/pex14.html

41. Foreign Policy and Defense Options 14.4 • Conventional Diplomacy (Soft Power) • Public Diplomacy (Soft Power) • Foreign Aid (Soft Power) • Economic Sanctions (Soft Power) • Military Action (Hard Power)

42. Video: Thinking Like a Political Scientist 14.4 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MEDIA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg4_ForeignDefense_v2.html

43. 14.4 Voting in Egypt

44. Conventional Diplomacy (Soft Power) Formal communications between States Embassies, ambassadors, and officials of state “Breaking” diplomatic relations The United Nations (UN) The UN Security Council 14.4

45. Public Diplomacy (Soft Power) U.S. seeks to improves its global image The increasing role of media influence U.S. propaganda efforts Voice of America Campaign of Truth 14.4

46. Foreign Aid (Soft Power) Provides the U.S. with foreign policy options Foreign aid is politically unpopular at home About 1% of federal budget used on foreign aid Most aid subsidizes U.S. businesses 14.4

47. Economic Sanctions (Soft Power) Sanctions yield mixed results South Africa, Libya Cuba, Iran Sanctions affect all economies Targeted regimes U.S. domestic International 14.4

48. Military Action (Hard Power) U.S. has used military action regularly since 1789 U.S. military role as superpower Lessons of Vietnam Tactical considerations Conventional superiority Covert Ops 14.4

49. 14.4 TABLE 14.1: Costs of War

50. 14.4 14.4About how much of the U.S. federal budget is spent on foreign aid? • 1% • 5% • 12% • 29%